Chapter 5 Psych

The concept of "magnetisme animal" implied which of the following? A. Most animals are magnetically conductive. B. A person's health is related to their pets. C. Every person has a raw magnetic energy. D. Vegetarians lack essential curative properties.

C

The term hypnosis was coined by ___________. A. Franz Mesmer B. Sigmund Freud C. James Braid D. Josef Breuer

C

What is the term used to describe the body's addiction to drugs? A. psychological dependence B. tolerance C. physiological dependence D. withdrawal

C

When a person who is meditating tries to focus on a single image they are practicing which type of meditation? A. breathing B. mindful C. concentrative D. transcendental

C

Which of the following is an effect of entering the state of hypnotism? A. muscular spasms B. increased resilience C. greatly increased focus D. irresistible compulsions

C

Which of the following is not a factor in determining the possible effects of a drug? athe drug's method of transmission bthe psychology of the user cthe legality of the particular drug dthe amount of the drug being taken

C

All of the following are examples of hypnotism methods except __________. A. hypnotic regression B. self-hypnosis C. hypnosis certification D. posthypnotic suggestion

C

All of the following are methods that drugs can be administered except __________. A. ingestion B. inhalation C. peer pressure D. direct contact

C

All of the following except __________ releases dopamine naturally. A. exercise B. eating C. sleeping D. sexual activity

C

Behavior that happens automatically without conscious input is called __________ behavior. A. learned B. organized C. innate D. spontaneous

C

Drug abuse is best defined as __________. A. the consumption of legal drugs B. the consumption of illegal drugs C. the nonmedical or improper use of a drug that can interfere with a healthy life D. using drugs on an occasional basis until mood is altered

C

Forms of meditation hail from which traditions? Eastern traditions Western traditions Eastern and Western traditions neither Eastern nor Western traditions

C

Franz Mesmer believed that his ability to heal people was based on his manipulation of which force? A. electricity B. gravity C. magnetism D. inertia

C

Franz Mesmer's theory of medicine was that illnesses especially hysteria were caused by which of the following? unconsciously held beliefs about ill health close contact with unclean animals and germs misalignment of the body's magnetic fluids childhood psychoses which caused mental illness

C

Pyhsocative drugs quiz Which of the following is the most common pharmacological treatment for addiction? A. aspartame B. codeine C. methadone D. euphoriad

C

Sleeping is a behavior that is dependent on both instinctive and environmental conditions.

t

Should Native Americans be allowed to use peyote in their religious rituals? Why or why not? Provide support for your position.

"I belve that Native Americans should be allowed to use peyote.The United States should not restrict access to peyote and should not interfere with the use of peyote in Native American rituals. Many religious communities use a substance that can cause a change in consciousness during their ceremonies including Christian communities who use wine as part of their sacrament. Native Americans use the peyote responsibly and should not be restricted from its use."

A person who has an addiction might do all of the following except __________. A. only get the drug from a legitimate doctor B. use the drug as a coping mechanism C. engage in risky behavior while under the influence D. focus mainly on getting and using the drug

A

Ancient oracles often entered so-called "ecstatic states" when they received visions. The oracles claimed that these ecstatic states were caused by __________. A. contact with spirits and gods B. psychotropic drug use C. deep meditative trances D. lack of rest and sleep

A

Being able to enter a flow state while doing an activity is usually the result of __________. A. mastery of the activity being done B. a lack of focused attention on the activity C. being tired enough to make mistakes D. a fresh perspective on the activity

A

Biofeedback depends on one's ability to __________. A. learn from feedback B. transmit effective stimuli C. understand electronics D. conduct electricity

A

Biofeedback promotes _______________ in order to treat health conditions. A. focusing the mind B. the use of medication C. hypnosis D. exercise

A

Drugs that are taken to relieve pain are called __________. A. narcotics B. sedatives C. stimulants D. hallucinogens

A

The purpose of biofeedback is to help subjects __________. control their internal processes understand how fear holds them back determine whether they are sick manipulate computers without a keyboard

A

What disagreement did Sigmund Freud have with both Josef Breuer and Jean Martin Charcot? A. whether hypnosis was a neurological or psychological phenomenon B. whether hypnosis should be conducted with pregnant women C. whether hypnosis had any value as a curative remedy for patients D. whether hypnosis was an effect of a "hidden observer" or the id

A

When a person comes to believe that they need a drug it can be said that the individual is experiencing __________. A. psychological dependence B. withdrawal C. physiological dependence D. tolerance

A

Which of the following people came up with the term "hypnosis"? James Braid Aristotle Franz Mesmer Milton Erickson

A

Explain how a bathroom scale is like a biofeedback machine.

A bathroom scale works in much the same way as a traditional biofeedback machine. The scale measures the subject's body weight and transmits the information back to the subject. The subject then uses that information to try to change the measurement by eating fewer calories and exercising more.

Which of the following categories of psychotropic drugs is the hardest to build a tolerance toward? A. narcotics B. hallucinogens C. sedatives D. stimulants

B

A ritualistic practice of clearing the mind in order to achieve relaxation and inner peace is known as ___________. A. hypnosis B. meditation C. sleep D. focus

B

A state of joyful activity in which the subject performs an action effortlessly and skillfully is known as a(n) __________. A. ability B. flow state C. peak experience D. meditative state

B

Biofeedback can be used to control all of the following except __________. A. heart rate B. muscle growth C. brain waves D. skin temperature

B

Choose the correct cycle of addiction. A. drug use dependence, tolerance, withdrawal, addiction B. drug use, tolerance, dependence, addiction, withdrawal C. drug use, addiction, dependence, tolerance, withdrawal D. drug use, withdrawal, tolerance, addiction, dependence,

B

Drugs that slow down the nervous system are known as ___________. A. narcotics B. sedatives C. stimulants D. hallucinogens

B

Hypnotic analgesia is generally used to achieve which of the following outcomes? A. elimination of bad habits B. reduction in discomfort C. suggestion of new behaviors D. recollection of hidden memories

B

It is typical for people in hypnotic trances to temporarily __________. A. begin speaking languages they do not know B. lose track of their immediate surroundings C. become aware of past lives and buried memories D. feel completely paralyzed and unable to act

B

Meditation is most similar to which of the following? A. sleeping B. studying C. running D. dozing

B

Of the following statements which is not a common myth regarding hypnosis? A. Hypnotized people can relive the past. B. Hypnotized people are less focused on their surroundings. C. Hypnotized people lose control of themselves. D. Hypnotized people can remember the past accurately.

B

The CIA investigated hypnosis as a possible tool for interrogating prisoners. Why did they decide it was unsuitable for that purpose? A. Hypnosis is completely effective it just takes too long to entrance the subject. B. Hypnosis requires a trusting relationship between the hypnotist and subject. C. Hypnosis breaks the spirit of the subject making them unable to answer questions. D. Hypnosis can make the subjects talk but they talk only about their childhoods.

B

The French neuroscientist who helped legitimatize the practice of hypnosis was ____________. A. Sigmund Freud B. Jean Charcot C. James Braid D. Franz Mesmer

B

The brain rewards certain activity by releasing the neurotransmitter __________. A. epinephrine B. dopamine C. cortisol D. serotonin

B

The effectiveness of biofeedback has been a subject of controversy because biofeedback __________. A. has no reported side effects B. cannot be effectively tested C. has no reported negative effects D. requires uncomfortable electrodes

B

The physician who was inspired by traveling mesmerists and who coined the term hypnosis was ____________. A. Franz Mesmer B. James Braid C. Jean Martin Charcot D. Sigmund Freud

B

Unit four unit review Peyote contains a psychotropic drug called __________. A. guarana B. mescaline C. salvia D. dynorphins

B

What is learning quiz Which of the following is an example of a learned behavior? A. a bird feeding its young B. human toddlers walking C. a child recoiling from a hot stove D. squirrels opening nuts

B

What is the typical minimum duration of a meditation session? A. 5 minutes B. 15 minutes C. 35 minutes D. 45 minutes

B

When in a hypnotic state a person's brain waves will be most similar to what other state of consciousness? A. sleeping state B. waking state C. dozing state D. meditative state

B

Which event led to the decline of Franz Mesmer's brand of hypnosis? A. the advent of brain scanning technology B. a scientifically controlled experiment C. his own admission of fraudulent results D. the publication of an expose by an assistant

B

Which of Franz Mesmer's claims about his mesmerism abilities eventually led to his downfall? A. His cures were 100 percent effective and safe. B. He could mesmerize and magnetize trees. C. His abilities could cure the king's paralysis. D. He could mesmerize an entire crowd of people.

B

Which of the following is one of the reported benefits of effective meditation? A. increased functional strength B. increased positive emotions C. increased respiratory rate D. increased resting heart rate

B

Which of the following statements about the technique of hypnotic regression is not true? Recovered memories are not reliable. Courts often depend upon recovered memories. Memories may be planted by the hypnotist. The process may create stress for the subject.

B

Which of the following is the most accurate statement about a person who has become physiologically dependent on a substance? A. Their spiritual functioning will be reduced if they are deprived of that substance. B. Their cognitive functioning will be reduced if they are deprived of that substance. C. Their physical functioning will be reduced if they are deprived of that substance. D. Their social functioning will be reduced if they are deprived of that substance.

C

__________ is a state of consciousness in which attention is focused very narrowly and the subject experiences increased suggestibility. A. Sleep B. Meditation C. Hypnosis D. A fugue

C

A state of consciousness in which there is a change in a person's awareness level or thought process is generally called a(n) __________. A. pathological state B. meditative trance C. peak experience D. altered state

D

A technique in which people use machines to learn how to control their bodies is known as __________. A. meditation B. sleep C. hypnosis D. biofeedback

D

According to Ernest Hilgard hypnosis is the result of __________. A. accepted roleplay between hypnotist and subject B. suggestions accepted by the conscious mind C. entrance into a special state of consciousness D. the effects of a "hidden observer" in the unconscious

D

People who are hypnotized _________. A. can relive the past B. remember the past more accurately C. lose control of themselves D. won't do something they don't want to

D

The fact that sea turtles automatically move toward the ocean once hatched is an example of a(n) __________ behavior. A. unusual B. practiced C. learned D. innate

D

The physical and cognitive suffering that may cause a drug user to relapse after trying to quit is called __________. A. addiction B. tolerance C. chronic usage D. withdrawal

D

The proper order of the cycle of addiction is __________. A. drug use withdrawal addiction dependence and then tolerance B. drug use addiction withdrawal tolerance and then dependence C. drug use dependence addiction tolerance and then withdrawal D. drug use tolerance dependence addiction and then withdrawal

D

What is the function of the blood-brain barrier? preventing blood loss during injury regulating blood flow through the brain keeping brain blood separate from body blood keeping foreign particles out of the brain

D

Which of the following methods transmits a drug directly into the bloodstream? A. ingestion B. inhalation C. direct contact D. intravenous

D

Which of the following people was one of Sigmund Freud's instructors and believed that hypnosis could cure hysteria? A. James Braid B. Josef Breuer C. Milton Erickson D. Jean Martin Charcot

D

Why are drugs like sleeping pills described as the opposite of amphetamines? A. Depressants can induce feelings of euphoria while stimulants can cause severe pain. B. Depressants can result in death, while stimulants cannot. C. Stimulants slow breathing and heart rate, while depressants increase those functions. D. Stimulants increase breathing and heart rate, while depressants slow these functions.,

D

Drugs always produce the same sensation in first-time users.

F

Everyone can be hypnotized.

F

Innate behavior occurs as a result of practice and repetition.

F

Meditation is always more effective than relaxation.

F

Meditation is only effective when sitting in the lotus position.

F

Sneezing is an example of a learned behavior.

F

When Rodney practices transcendental meditation he tries to keep an empty mind.

F

Hypnosis Transcript

Hypnosis Section 1 00:00:01 PROFESSOR: You've most likely seen or heard someone discussed being hypnotized but what does that mean exactly? Has the person entered an alternative state of consciousness which allows the hypnotist control over their mind? Or are they just pretending according to what they've been told? 00:00:18 In this section we'll answer the question what is hypnotism? This is section one of hypnotism. Our objectives are to define and explain hypnosis to describe the early uses of hypnosis to address psychological symptoms and to identify the contemporary uses of hypnosis in pain control and psychotherapy. In this section we'll be defining 00:00:39 and explaining hypnosis. Hypnosis is a state of consciousness in which attention is focused very narrowly and the subject experiences increased suggestibility. Under hypnosis people will not do what they do not want to do such as dangerous or immoral acts or even positive acts. For example you can't convince someone to quit 00:01:01 smoking through hypnosis unless they actually want to quit smoking. The CIA has investigated hypnosis for use in interrogation but they found it unsuitable because it requires a trusting relationship between the hypnotist and subject. This cannot be formed if you force someone to undergo hypnosis. 00:01:20 They also found that the recovered information might be unreliable. Being in a hypnotic trance is described as a state of focused attention. There's a lack of awareness of the surrounding environment. When someone is in a hypnotic trance their muscles are relaxed their eyes are closed or unfocused and their breathing is slow. 00:01:41 If the event is stressful their muscles might be tight they might become extremely agitated and have rapid breathing. Some common myths about hypnosis are that people are just faking hypnosis. The physiological responses that occur during hypnosis indicate that most are not lying. Other myths are that hypnosis allows people to relive the 00:02:03 past or that hypnotized people can remember the past more accurately. Really hypnosis distorts memory with fantasy so subjects are more likely to inaccurately recall information. One final myth is that hypnotized people lose control over themselves. A subject is capable of ending a hypnosis session at any time 00:02:22 or saying no while in a hypnotic state. So is hypnosis really a state of consciousness? Some brain waves are indistinguishable from normal waking brain waves. But other evidence suggests that hypnotised participants demonstrate changes in brain activity similar to those experiencing brain induce hallucinations or pain suppression. 00:02:44 There are different degrees of hypnosis. About 25% of the population is difficult or almost impossible to hypnotize but most people are able to be hypnotized if only mildly. People who are more open to suggestion are more easily hypnotized This is correlated to level of intelligence concentration the ability to focus willingness to be hypnotized and one's control over their mental processes. 00:03:10 Now let's discuss some theories explaining hypnotism. We'll talk about Barber and conscious control Hilgard and the hidden observer and Sarbin with role theory. Theodore Barber developed a theory of conscious control. He felt hypnosis is not a special state of consciousness. Really suggestibility is the key to hypnosis benefits. Barber was a critic of hypnotism because he thought 00:03:34 the benefits of hypnosis were from the power of suggestion. He found he could induce sleepiness by suggestion alone and the power of suggestion worked in 20% of the people he tested. So he could someone quit smoking or sleep better through the power of suggestion. Ernest HIlgard claimed that consciousness was split into two separate streams of awareness. 00:03:56 A hypnotic trance creates a hidden observer in the mind. He believed the observer could watch the body like an outside entity and could be used to suggest things to the body. The hidden observer also protects a person who's being hypnotized from doing anything the conscious mind wouldn't do. Theodore Sarbin developed social role theory. He felt that both the hypnotist and they hypnotized 00:04:21 are playing roles so hypnotism is basically play acting. People do what they expect hypnotized people to do. The trick is people aren't just role playing they're role taking. So to review in this section we discussed hypnosis as an altered state of consciousness which requires focused attention. 00:04:40 And those who are more open to suggestion are more likely to be hypnotized. Next we'll discuss the history of hypnosis. Section 4 00:00:01 PROFESSOR: Now that we know what hypnotism is let's discuss how it developed. In this section we'll answer the question what is the history of hypnotism? This is section two of hypnotism. Our objectives are to define and explain hypnosis to describe the early uses of hypnosis to address psychological symptoms and to identify the contemporary uses 00:00:22 of hypnosis in pain control and psychotherapy. In this section we'll be describing the early uses of hypnosis to address psychological symptoms. Some important figures in hypnosis include Franz Mesmer James Braid Jean Martin Charcot Sigmund Freud and Milton Erickson. Let's discuss each of them. Franz Anton Mesmer studied in Vienna and set up a medical 00:00:46 practice in Paris. He believed the human body contain magnetic fluid and if this fluid became misaligned it would cause illness. Mesmer started using magnets to help direct and prevent blockages. He eventually came to believe that cures were due to his animal magnetism and stopped using magnets altogether. This animal magnetism was a magnetic energy in the human 00:01:09 body that could be manipulated to cure illness. Mesmer believed every person had magnetisme animal or raw vital energy. Mesmer would stare directly into people's eyes. He would channel his animal magnetism through his hand. And his patients believed themselves to be cured. Mesmer's acolytes and followers called themselves mesmerists. 00:01:32 That's where we get the word mesmerize which means to hypnotize. The end of Mesmer's influence came when a scientific panel tested Mesmer's claim that he could mesmerize trees. In his study he used a blindfolded boy to identify the mesmerized tree in a grove. The boy went into a fit at each tree but none had been mesmerized. 00:01:53 Mesmer's career was damaged as a result upon failing to provide support for his claim. James Braid was inspired by a traveling mesmerist. He began using trances in his own medical practice. These thinking trances were much like sleep. Braid also gave the discipline the name by which it's now known and coined the term hypnosis. This is derived from the Greek word for sleep. 00:02:18 Jean Martin Charcot was a French neuroscientist. He became known as the father of modern neurology and demonstrated hypnosis could be used as a cure for hysteria. He helped legitimize the practice of hypnosis and believed hypnosis to be a neurological phenomenon. Sigmund Freud worked with Josef Breuer using hypnosis to treat World War I victims of shellshock. Eventually Freud left and develop psychoanalysis. 00:02:44 Freud believed hypnosis was a psychological phenomenon. Milton Erickson was a psychiatrist and clinical hypnotherapist. He founded the American Society for Clinical Hypnosis and created his own school of hypnotherapy. Erickson advocated for the use of hypnotherapy as a widespread practice. So to review in this section we discussed important figures in hypnosis. 00:03:07 Mesmer used his animal magnetism to cure illnesses in patients. Braid coined the term hypnosis and used it in his medical practice. Charcot used hypnosis to secure hysteria. And Freud was a student of Charcot who believed that hypnosis was a psychological phenomenon. Erickson advocated for the use of hypnotherapy. 00:03:29 Next we'll discuss how hypnotism is regarded today. Section 7 00:00:00 PROFESSOR: We've discussed hypnotism works and how it's developed over time. But is it still used today? If so is it just for fun or can it be used for other more beneficial purposes? In this section we'll discuss the question how is hypnotism regarded today. This is Section Three of Hypnotism. 00:00:21 Our objectives are to define and explain hypnosis to describe early uses of hypnosis to address psychological symptoms and to identify the contemporary uses of hypnosis in pain control and psychotherapy. In this section we'll be identifying the contemporary uses of hypnosis in pain control and psychotherapy. Hypnotism is widely used today to relieve the symptoms of pain anxiety mood disorders and skin disease. 00:00:49 It can be also used to help control bad habits such as smoking biting nails or overeating or to help with performance anxiety with sports or to control fears and phobias. Some studies show hypnosis greatly benefits patients. It's been effective in treating respiratory diseases in surgical prep and recovery in controlling pain with childbirth and helping control allergic reactions and 00:01:15 high blood pressure. But some studies show that the use of hypnosis is not more effective than other treatments or that it can be ineffective in treating certain behaviors. For example using hypnosis to treat obesity or smoking behavior has not been shown to be more effective than other treatments. One argument against hypnosis is that it may be a form of 00:01:38 the placebo effect. The effects cannot be controlled in experiments against placebos meaning the desired results are obtained even when there's no actual drug or treatment administered so the effects may not be from hypnosis. It may be from people believing that hypnosis works. There is no nationally recognized hypnotism certification so be wary of those claiming hypnotism 00:02:02 degrees from hypnotism schools. Instead look for medical degrees from accredited and trusted institutions like the American Psychiatric Association the American Society of Clinical Hypnosis and the American Medical Association. There are different methods for hypnotism that include post-hypnotic suggestion hypnotic regression hypnotic analgesia and self-hypnosis. 00:02:27 Let's discuss each. Post-hypnotic suggestion is a suggestion made during a hypnotic trance that is intended to affect the subject's later conscious behavior. This is the typical and traditional method of hypnotic therapy. The subject acts on this suggested state during conscious life. 00:02:44 The subject knows the goal of the suggestion but may not be consciously aware of it. The suggestions must be worded positively to work so you wouldn't say you will stop eating fast food. Instead you might suggest you will eat smaller portions. Hypnotic analgesia is the practice of using hypnosis as a way to reduce the pain and discomfort typically caused by a medical condition. 00:03:10 The hypnotist tells the patient they will experience pain differently in the form of a different temperature or pressure. Analgesia is a kind of anesthetic that works without medicine. It can decrease the sensations of pain or discomfort for those undergoing difficult procedures. Hypnotic regression is the process of recovering hidden 00:03:29 or forgotten memories through hypnosis. The patient is led through past memories hoping to uncover hidden or garbled memories. This is useful when blocked memories are due to a psychological issue. But the memories obtained by regression are unreliable. The memories may be created by a hypnotist even if the therapist is careful to avoid doing so. 00:03:51 Since the principles using this procedure aren't well understood hypnotic regression may be unreliable in many cases and usually the evidence obtained through hypnotic regression is not admissible in court. Self-hypnosis is the practice of a person hypnotizing oneself for some purpose. This may be similar to meditation more so than true hypnosis. 00:04:15 So to review we've talked about hypnotism methods such as post-hypnotic suggestion where suggestions for behavior are made during hypnosis and carried out after. We discussed hypnotic analgesia which is used as a form of anesthetic hypnotic regression where a person is able to remember repressed memories and self-hypnosis which is hypnotizing oneself for a specific purpose. In this lesson we discussed hypnotism as a state of 00:04:41 consciousness. We talked about different theorists like Mesmer and Erickson as well as different types of therapy like posthypnotic suggestion hypnotic analgesia hypnotic regression and self-hypnosis. animal magnetism: According to Franz Mesmer a magnetic energy in the human body that could be manipulated to cure illness. Franz Anton Mesmer: Born 1734 died 1814 a French physician who claimed to be able to cure illness through the manipulation of magnetic energy and the use of trancelike states.

Describe the issues with hypnotic regression.

Hypnotic regression is a controversial technique because it can have many harmful effects on the subjects experiencing the regression. First the memories recovered through the regression can be unreliable. Memory can be affected by suggestions or leading questions from the hypnotist or other witnesses. These "recovered" memories might be entirely fabricated but the person who recovered them would believe in them completely. This is why memories recovered through regression are generally not admissible in court. Another issue is that the experience can be traumatic for the subject of the regression especially if trying to uncover memories of trauma or abuse. The subject must essentially relive the pain that they experienced when recalling these memories and that is why regression is usually a treatment of last resort.

Why are marijuana users stereotypically portrayed as sluggish people with "the munchies"?

Marijuana has many side effects such as feelings of general relaxation distorted time-sense short-term memory loss and increased appetite. Together these manifest themselves as a general disregard for time schedules and the inability to remember to perform tasks or chores. The increased appetite also results in marijuana users feeling "the munchies."

Meditation and Other Forms of Consciousness Transcript

Meditation and Other Forms of Consciousness In this section we're going to talk about ways people attempt to expand or contract their consciousness. And how it ends up affecting them psychologically physiologically and socially. We're going to answer the question what is meditation? This is section one of Meditation and Other Forms of Consciousness. Our objectives are to explain the effects of meditation to 00:00:24 critique the use of biofeedback as a mechanism for gaining control over biological functions and to compare the cultural and historical influences on the value judgments associated with voluntary consciousness changes. In this section we'll be explaining the effects of meditation. Meditation means many things to many people. 00:00:43 To some it is synonymous with relaxation. To others it is a spiritual practice or a way to reach an inner peace. And to others it's a health practice. It's used to seek a wholeness of spirit and body and to seek to improve one's sense of who they are and how they fit into the world. Meditation is a ritualistic practice of clearing the mind 00:01:05 in order to achieve a sense of relaxation and inner peace. It can be done while one is physically active or sedentary. There are many approaches and techniques for meditation. There are those associated with Eastern traditions like Zen Buddhism and zazen. And those practiced in Western traditions like those practicing Christianity Sufism or Judaism. 00:01:28 Positions for meditation include relaxed shoulders and one's spine should be straightened. In this position you should concentrate but not sleep. You can sit stand or walk while practicing meditation. There are two primary schools of meditation. Mindful meditation is one in which the practitioner is aware of all that flows through one's mind but does not focus on any one thought. 00:01:52 Concentrated meditation is one in which the practitioner focuses on a single image sound body function or mantra. During mindful meditation the focus should be on an empty mind. You can acknowledge your thoughts but do not focus on them. During concentrative meditation one is focused on 00:02:12 intense contemplation. Usually you focus on your breathing a mental image an object or a word or phrase. One type of concentrative meditation technique is transcendental meditation. This is one in which the practitioner focuses on repeating a mantra to achieve inner peace. Meditation affects both the brain and body. 00:02:34 Someone who practices meditation often experiences fewer negative emotions like stress anxiety or depression. And they experience more positive emotions like happiness or calmness. Generally those that practice meditation show improvements in their body functioning and wellness. Scientists link these benefits to a difference in the way the 00:02:53 brain functions while a person meditates. Many believe that meditation allows for peak experiences. This is a state of mind marked by intense feelings of well-being joy or complete self-fulfillment. This lines up nicely with the Buddhist belief that meditation is one path to nirvana. Nirvana is an ecstatic state in which one has reached perfect happiness or transcends any suffering. 00:03:18 However some studies show that there are no additive benefits to meditation when it's compared simple rest and relaxation. This doesn't mean that meditation isn't beneficial just that it may not provide any additional benefits that cannot be achieved from adequate rest and relaxation alone. Meditation is often used in conjunction with other types 00:03:39 of treatments such as yoga deep breathing or anxiety medications. So to review this section we've talked about the different types of meditation. Mindful meditation is an awareness of all that flows through one's mind. Concentrative is when the focus is on a single image sound or mantra. 00:03:57 Transcendental meditation is a type of concentrative meditation in which a mantra is repeated during the meditation. Next we're going to answer the question is biofeedback useful? Section 4 00:00:01 PROFESSOR: Biofeedback can help monitor your bodily functions. In this section we're going to answer the question is biofeedback useful? This is section two of Meditation and Other Forms of Consciousness. Our objectives are to explain the effects of meditation to critique the use of biofeedback as a mechanism for 00:00:21 gaining control over biological functions and to compare the cultural and historical influences on the value judgments associated with voluntary consciousness changes. In this section we'll be critiquing the use of biofeedback as a mechanism for gaining control over biological functions. Biofeedback is a technique in which people use feedback from 00:00:41 specialized machines to learn how to control their bodily mechanisms. Biofeedback treats or helps to control heart rate anxiety muscle tension pain brain waves blood pressure and skin temperature. So how does it work? It's based on the principles of learning. There must be a goal state for example if a patient wishes to control one's heart rate. 00:01:07 So monitors are hooked up to measure the heart rate and the patient is assigned a task to complete on the computer where the biological measures are recorded by the computer. Next the client adjusts his or her responses as the computer or data processing device reads back audio and visual information to the user. This helps the client focus their mind so they're able to adjust and control their responses. 00:01:32 It can help lower blood pressure help one relax and help one achieve a different physiological response. Advantages of biofeedback are that it can help control health problems such as anxiety tension headaches depression and high blood pressure. It's also a safe treatment. There are no reported side effects and no reported negative effects from using biofeedback. 00:01:56 Those who support the use of biofeedback argue that some studies show that biofeedback therapies do reduce stress. Those who critique it argue that it cannot be effectively tested and that control groups are ineffective. Those who support biofeedback argue that it is safe for all populations. But those who critique the use argue that many studies show that there's marginal benefit at best from the use of 00:02:20 biofeedback and that it's difficult to design studies to measure its effectiveness. So what do you think? Is biofeedback effective? And should biofeedback be used for therapy? How do we go about answering these questions? In this section we've talked about biofeedback and how it's used to treat health issues like 00:02:39 stress or tension headaches. We've talked about the treatment process and how it works and also the pros and cons of biofeedback. Is it effective or ineffective? Next we're going to answer the question how has altered consciousness been viewed? Section 7 00:00:01 PROFESSOR: There are many ways to achieve an altered state of consciousness. In this section we're going to discuss how has altered consciousness been viewed? This is section three of Meditation and Other Forms of Consciousness. Our objectives are to explain the effects of meditation to critique the use of biofeedback as a mechanism for 00:00:19 gaining control over biological functions and to compare the cultural and historical influences on the value judgments associated with voluntary consciousness changes. In this section we'll be comparing the cultural and historical influences on the value judgments associated with voluntary consciousness changes. Altered states of consciousness are defined as 00:00:39 the state of consciousness in which a person's level of awareness or thought process is affected. There are many forms of altered states of consciousness which include dozing and sleeping dreaming hypnosis pathological states meditative states drug induced states and biofeedback. Some cultures accept and encourage altered states like those with ancient oracles in Native American peyote 00:01:03 rituals when meditation is a spiritual exercise those with drug use those with peak experiences or those experienced in flow states. We're going to talk about each of these individually in this section. In many cultures an oracle is a person believed to be able to speak for or deliver messages from the gods. They're found in many cultures and gave prophesies fortunes 00:01:24 and advice. They often entered ecstatic states that were either drug induced or induced by meditation. Native Americans have been using peyote in rituals for hundreds of years. Peyote is a cactus-like plant with psychotropic properties and is common in the Southwest. It has powerful hallucinogens known as mescaline which can cause 00:01:44 visions and extreme emotional responses. peyote rituals have been the subject of persecution and regulation for many years. Meditation can assist one in focusing on different goals. It's achieved through practicing mindfulness concentration and focusing on and regulating one's breath. Meditation differs from daydreaming hypnosis praying and other relaxation techniques because it 00:02:07 emphasizes maintaining alertness. It also aims at expanding one's self awareness and an increased state of integration and cohesiveness. Psychoactive drugs are often used to achieve altered states. Some drugs are illegal to own buy or sell and drug legalization is an intensely contested issue even today. Some drugs cause altered states that are not illegal 00:02:31 such as caffeine aspirin alcohol and nicotine. Peak experiences were first described by Abraham Maslow. He's characterized them as a state of mind marked by intense feelings of well-being joy or completely self-fulfillment. Peak experiences can come in a variety of modes including meditation and the experiences appear to be unique to each person. 00:02:55 A flow state was characterized by Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi a professor at Claremont Graduate University. He described them as a state of joyful activity in which the subjects performs an action effortlessly and skillfully. Things that can occur when one is in the state of flow include deep concentration be unworried about outside situations a loss of time and high confidence in the 00:03:17 task we are focused on. It's important to remember that the ability or skill level of the individual must match the task but they are attempting. The person doing the task should have a high ability but they should also be challenged. The task shouldn't be too easy or too hard. Culture is the key to acceptability. 00:03:36 Modern Western societies generally prohibit or restrict substances that alter consciousness such as alcohol tobacco marijuana mescaline and LSD. Altered states become an issue when cultures clash. Let's talk about peyote and its use with Native American rituals. Spanish conquistadores attempted to eliminate peyote use. 00:03:58 The conquistadores had two main goals to gain wealth for themselves and Spain and to convert the indigenous peoples to Christianity. The peyote cult and its followers were a threat to this mission so the conquistadores made peyote illegal and drove the cult underground. However it reemerged in the 1860s and was formally established as an organization in the 1910s. 00:04:19 In Smith v. Oregon in 1990 two government employees were fired for the use of peyote in Native American rituals and the Supreme Court upheld the firing of these two employees. However in 1994 Congress passed legislation to protect the use of peyote in Native American rituals if it was for religious activity. These issues give rise to certain questions about the use of drugs and individual rights and using drugs to 00:04:45 achieve altered states of consciousness especially when used for religious or cultural purposes. Those questions include why are these practices controversial? Who should make decisions about altered states? Is the ability to alter consciousness a right? Why are some altered states acceptable? And why are some altered states unacceptable? 00:05:04 In this section we've talked about altered states of consciousness like those achieved by ancient oracles or in Native American peyote rituals. Or those achieved when meditation is used as a spiritual exercise or those with drug use or the altered states that are achieved during peak experiences and flow states. In this lesson we've talked about altered consciousness 00:05:25 like those altered states that are achieved through meditation and biofeedback. We've talked about the history of altered consciousness and common controversies like the use of peyote as a Native American ritual.

Explain how using drugs can lead to death.

One way death can result from drug use is from overdosing. Illegal drugs cannot be safely measured and can lead to an overdose. Suicide is another fatal consequence. Most drugs are depressants that amplify negative emotions and it can affect one's judgment leading to cases of suicide. Finally infectious diseases result from drugs. When sharing needles, small traces of blood can transfer HIV hepatitis B and endocarditis.

Pyschoactive drugs practiceDescribe the difference between psychological dependence and physiological dependence.

Psychological dependence is when a person believes they need a drug and physiological dependence is when a person's body becomes chemically dependent on a drug.

Pyschoactive Drugs Transcript

Pyschoactive Drugs 00:00:01 PROFESSOR: Our brain is responsible for controlling many things. But what happens when a foreign substance is introduced? In this section we're going to answer the question what effects do drugs have on the brain. This is Section Two of Psychoactive Drugs. Our objectives are to describe the major classes and effects 00:00:20 of psychoactive drugs to explain how the major drug classes affect neurotransmission and behavior and to describe the long-term psychological and physiological effects of drugs. In this section we'll be explaining how the major drug classes affect neurotransmission and behavior. Drug effects are influenced by many factors including dosage 00:00:40 method of transmission chemical composition of the drug the user's psychology and physiology and the location where the drug is taken. Methods of transmission include ingestion or swallowing the drug inhalation direct contact like through the skin and intravenous where drug is injected with a needle. After ingestion drugs are absorbed into the bloodstream. 00:01:03 Eventually they reach the neurons in the brain. They are able to pass through the blood-brain barrier and affect neurons and altering neurotransmitter activity. They are able to pass through this blood-brain barrier because they're as small as neurotransmitters. Let's talk about neurotransmission for a minute. Neurotransmission is the communication between synapses 00:01:24 using electrical nerve impulses. It sends chemical messages. Neurotransmitters are chemicals that send information to other neurons by attaching to neural receptors. Neural receptors are the protein structures on the surface of a neuron cell membrane where neurotransmitters bind to initiate communication. 00:01:42 So these are neurotransmitters and they bind to the receptor sites. The neurotransmitters of one neuron are received by the receptor sites of a neighboring neuron. This either continues to carry the signal on or stops neural communication. The synapse is junction where the transmission of information takes place. 00:02:02 So the neurotransmitters are going to travel across the synapse as you can see here. Reuptake is the process that prevents too much of any particular neurotransmitter from being present in a neuron. The brain rewards certain activities by releasing the neurotransmitter dopamine. Activities releasing dopamine naturally include exercise 00:02:26 eating and sex. But drugs can interfere with the natural neurotransmitter activity. Drugs affect neurotransmission because they can increase the release of certain neurotransmitters. That can affect number and type of neurotransmitters produced in neurons and affect the ability of neurons to absorb neurotransmitters. 00:02:46 Dopamine is a neurotransmitters that helps the brain control movement emotional responses and pain and pleasure activity. Stimulant affects the body's production and processing of dopamine. Amphetamines can increase levels of dopamine produced neurons and also affect the ability of neurons to absorb and reabsorb dopamine that's produced. 00:03:07 That leads to an increase in dopamine levels across all neurons causing the effects of the drugs that we feel. As drug use increases more of the drug is needed to achieve the same effect. You build up a tolerance to the drug. Your body and mind become more dependent on the effects of the drug and this leads to addiction. So to review we've talked about drugs and how they 00:03:30 interfere with brain processes like neurotransmission and reuptake. We've also talked about how they affect neurotransmitters and increase reward output. Next we're going to talk about how drugs affect consciousness. Section 7 00:00:00 PROFESSOR: Now that we know how drugs affect the brain let's answer the question how do drugs affect consciousness. This is Section Three of Psychoactive Drugs. Our objectives are to describe the major classes and effects of psychoactive drugs to explain how the major drug classes affect neurotransmission and human behavior and describe the long-term psychological and physiological effects of drugs. 00:00:25 In this section we'll be describing the long-term psychological and physiological effects of drugs. The cycle of addiction starts with drug use moves to tolerance dependence addiction and then withdrawal which can lead to more drug use. We'll talk about each of these stages in this section. The initial use of drugs may provide one with no 00:00:45 sensation at all. Some drugs effects are psychological in nature and depend on the experiences of the user. Drugs may also provide pleasure relief from pain or discomfort and changes in one's consciousness. Tolerance is the resistance to the effects of a substance that the body develops naturally. As the body becomes accustomed to a drug the dosage must be 00:01:06 increased to achieve the desired effect. Tolerance for each drug develops at different speeds. Because initial drug use has variable effects it's difficult to estimate how soon someone will develop a tolerance for the drug. But we can estimate how tolerance will progress. It will progress slowly with drugs like hallucinogens cannabis and alcohol. 00:01:27 It will progress quickly with drugs like narcotics sedatives and stimulants. Dependence is the overwhelming psychological or physiological need for a substance. Psychological dependence is when a person comes to believe that they need the drug. Physiological dependence is when a person's body becomes chemically dependent on the drug. 00:01:49 Addiction is a chronic medical condition associated with a physiological or psychological dependence on drugs. It can result in loss of control manifestation of severe consequences and compromised brain function or brain disorder. Withdrawal is the physiological and psychological effects that one experiences when a drug is taken away. 00:02:09 It may compel the addict to continue drug use. So how can you tell if someone has an addiction? They have a need for regular drug use an inability to stop using the drug and must maintain a constant supply of the drug. They also spend all of their money on the drug. In addition they might engage in risky behavior to get the drug and use the drug as a coping mechanism. 00:02:32 They might engage in risky behavior while under the influence and their main focus is on getting and using the drug. In the most severe circumstances drug addiction can lead to overdose infectious disease or suicide and death. Let's talk about each of these. Overdose is a strong physical reaction brought on by the 00:02:52 intentional or unintentional consumption of a larger than usual amount of drugs. There is no safe way to measure dosages of illegal drugs and they can be fatal. When sharing needles small amounts of blood are transferred. This could lead to fatal infectious diseases like HIV hepatitis b and endocarditis. 00:03:13 Endocarditis is an inflammation of the inside lining of the heart chambers and heart valves. Drugs also affect one's reasonable decision making skills making infectious disease more likely to occur. Drug abuse can lead to suicide. Many drugs are depressants. Drugs also amplify pre-existing negative emotions and affect a person's ability to make sound judgments and 00:03:35 assess risk. Once an addiction gains hold loss of control can lead to extreme despair and withdrawal symptoms can be too overwhelming. Even drugs that are typically mood enhancers can be affected by the psychological state of the person taking the drug. For example a person who's severely depressed may become suicidal under the effects of a drug even a stimulant. 00:03:59 So to review we've talked about how drug use can lead to building up a tolerance which then leads to a dependence on the drug and an addiction which can lead one to experience withdrawal symptoms if they stop using the drug. In this lesson we've talked about the many classes of illegal and legal drugs and how they influence neurotransmitter activity. This can lead to changes in one's physical emotional and 00:04:21 mental behavior and can result in addiction when usage is abused.

What is the scientific objection to the effects of hypnosis?

Scientists who argue that hypnosis may be ineffective claim that there is no effective way to control for the placebo effect. When compared to no treatment hypnosis seems to be effective in solving many medical issues yet there is no way to tell if that is because hypnosis actually has some effect on people or if it because people think hypnosis works.

A drug like cocaine causes more dopamine to be produced in the brain.

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A reflex is a type of innate behavior.

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Biofeedback advocates say their treatment can help relieve tension headaches.

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Both learned and innate behavior can occur as a result of automatic processes.

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Even if you have actually taken a placebo it is possible to suffer from the effects of the drug you believe you have taken.

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Hallucinogens distort an individual's perceptions of reality.

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Hypnotic suggestion has been shown to help patients prep and recover from surgery.

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Meditation can be done while standing.

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Meditation is often prescribed by psychologists in conjunction with other types of treatment.

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Observable behaviors include both learned behaviors and instinctive behaviors.

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Some believe that the effects of hypnosis may not be from hypnosis but from people believing that hypnosis works.

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The types of movies that one likes is influenced by learned behaviors.

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Those seeking professional hypnotherapy should look for professionals holding medical degrees from accredited and trusted institutions.

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Pyschoactive Drugs glossary

addiction: A chronic medical condition associated with a physiological or psychological dependence on drugs. dependence: The overwhelming psychological or physiological need for a substance. drug: Any substance that causes a change in a person's physiological or psychological state. overdose: A strong physical reaction brought on by the intentional or unintentional consumption of a larger than usual amount of drugs. psychoactive drugs: Chemical substances that affect experiential functioning such as behavior mental functioning and emotional state. tolerance: Resistance to the effects of a substance which the body develops naturally. withdrawal: The physiological and psychological effects when a drug is taken away.

Meditation and Other Forms of Consciousness glossary

altered state of consciousness: A state of consciousness in which a person's level of awareness or thought process is affected. biofeedback: A technique in which people use feedback from specialized machines to learn how to control their bodily mechanisms. concentrative meditation: A meditative practice in which the practitioner focuses on a single image sound body function or mantra. meditation: A ritualistic practice of clearing the mind in order to achieve a sense of relaxation and inner peace. mindful meditation: A meditative practice in which the practitioner is aware of all that flows through one's mind but does not focus on any one thought. peak experiences: State of mind marked by intense feelings of well-being joy or complete self-fulfillment. transcendental meditation: A meditative practice in which the practitioner focuses on repeating a mantra to achieve inner peace.

Alcohol and tobacco are legal drugs

but have some restrictions as to their usage., T

All substances that cause altered states are prohibited by governments.

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Hypnosis glossary

hypnosis: A state of consciousness in which attention is focused very narrowly and the subject experiences increased suggestibility. hypnotic analgesia: The practice of using hypnosis as a way to reduce the pain and discomfort typically caused by a medical condition. hypnotic regression: The process of recovering hidden or forgotten memories through hypnosis. Jean Martin Charcot: Called the "father of modern neurology" he demonstrated hypnosis as a cure for "hysteria" and helped legitimize the practice of hypnosis. Milton Erickson: Founded the American Society for Clinical Hypnosis and advocated for the use of hypnotherapy as a widespread practice. posthypnotic suggestion: A suggestion made during a hypnotic trance that is intended to affect the subject's later conscious behavior. self-hypnosis: The practice of a person hypnotizing oneself for some purpose.

Drugs are substances that cause a change in a person's physical

not mental, state., F

Explain the process of biofeedback. There are five main steps in the process of biofeedback. First the subject has to be fitted with electrodes that will monitor the physiological functions they wish to learn to control. This allows the subject to make inputs into the system. Next

the subject's physiological functions are measured by the electrodes. These are then fed into the computer/monitoring machine which records the inputs. The machine takes these inputs and provides visual and audio feedback to the subject. As the final step in the cycle the subject attempts to change the measurements using the feedback from the machine. 1. Hook-up/set-up 2. Measurement 3. Record inputs 4. Provide feedback 5. Adjust to feedback