Chapter 5 Psychology

Meredith always has a cup of coffee as soon as she wakes up. She usually has several more cups throughout the day. If she misses one in the afternoon, she gets a headache. Meredith's headache is likely due to:

stimulant use/abuse

psychoactive drugs

stimulants

term used to describe the mind as continuous flow of changing sensations, images, thoughts, and feelings

stream of consciousness

a small brain structure that monitors the change from day to night

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

individuals understanding that they and others think, feel, perceive and have private experiences

theory of mind

depressant drugs

tranquilizers

a reservoir of unacceptable wishes, feelings, and thoughts that are beyond conscious awareness

unconscious thought

Sleeping is divided into which two broad categories?

REM and NREM

an active stage of sleep during which dreaming occurs

REM sleep

Who would be most likely to have the greatest difficulty sleeping on a regular schedule? a) A blind person b) A small child c) Someone who has been in a new city for several days d) Someone who dreams frequently

a) A blind person

Carol is using an illegal drug in hopes of losing 25lbs. This drug is increasing activity within Carol's nervous system. When she uses the drug she feels a rush of energy and has a hard time falling asleep at night. What kind of drug might you suspect Carol is using? a) An amphetamine b) An opiate c) A barbiturate d) Caffeine

a) An amphetamine

During his therapy session, Nathan tells his therapist about a dream he had that he was hiking up a mountain without shoes. His therapist says this means that Nathan unconsciously feels as if he is tackling life's problems without support from his friends and family. In this scenario what is dream content is each person revealing? a) Nathan - manifest, Therapist - latent b) They are both revealing manifest content. c) Nathan - latent, Therapist - manifest d) They are both revealing latent content.

a) Nathan - manifest, Therapist - latent

Tom is having knee surgery and is put under general anesthesia. What state of consciousness is he in? a) No awareness b) Subconscious c) Altered state d) Lower-level

a) No awareness

Executive function takes place in what part of the brain? a) Prefrontal cortex b) Motor cortex c) Occipital lobe d) Parietal lobe

a) Prefrontal cortex

While Dr. Smith is analyzing cyanobacteria under a microscope, automatic processes are taking place in his consciousness. a) True b) False

a) True

theory that dreaming occurs when the cerebral cortex synthesizes neutral signals generated from activity in the lower part of the brain and that dreams result from the brains attempts to find logic in random brain activity that occurs during sleep

activation synthesis theory of dreaming

what theory of dreams states that dreams are the by-product of neutral activity in the lower brain?

activation-synthesis theory

either a physical or a psychological dependence, or both, on a drug

addiction

a disorder that involves long-term, repeated, uncontrolled, compulsive, and excessive use of alcoholic beverages and that impairs the drinkers health and social relationships

alcoholism

states of consciousness that require little attention and do not interfere with other ongoing activities

automatic processes

Martin thinks it is amazing that many of the things we do without thinking, such as sleeping when it is dark out, are a result of survival instincts. Martin admires which function of sleep? a) Restorative b) Adaptive Evolutionary c) Plasticity d) Synthetic

b

Cocaine blocks the reuptake of what neurochemical messenger? a) Serotonin b) Dopamine c) Norepinephrine d) Endorphins

b) Dopamine

Josh enjoys staying up late, but his sister prefers to go to bed early. At 10:00 pm whose body temperature is more likely to drop? a) Josh's temperature b) Josh's sister's temperature c) They should be the same, body temperature is not related to sleep. d) Body temperature does relate to sleep but that effect would been overridden by the genetic similarities between brother and sister, making their temperatures the same.

b) Josh's sister's temperature

Karen's professor notices that she is not really paying attention to the lecture but instead appears to have her "head in the clouds.". Karen is at what level of consciousness? a) Subconscious b) Lower-level c) No awareness d) Higher-level

b) Lower-level

Consciousness is the understanding of what two things? a) Other people's environment & beliefs b) One's own environment & internal world c) Other people's environment & internal world d) One's own environment & beliefs

b) One's own environment & internal world

Joey seems to exhibit signs of mild depression during the winter. His doctor says he needs to try light therapy. What does Joey's doctor most likely believe Joey is suffering from? a) Jet lag b) Seasonal Affective Disorder c) Blindness d) Narcolepsy

b) Seasonal Affective Disorder

Jerry, who is a fairly conservative person, stopped at a bar on the way home from work to have a couple of drinks with his friends. On the way home, he suddenly pulls into a retail store and buys a new 60 inch wide screen TV. which of the following is the most likely explanation for his behavior? a) the alcohol in the drinks resulted in him experiencing REM sleep b) the alcohol in the drinks reduced his inhibitions and impulse control c) the alcohol in the drinks stimulated the brain centers associated with pleasure

b) the alcohol in the drinks reduced his inhibitions and impulse control

depressant drugs, such as Nembutal and Seconal, that decrease central nervous system activity

barbiturates

periodic physiological fluctuations in the body, such as the rise and fall of hormones and accelerated and decelerated cycles of brain activity, that can influence behavior

biological rhythms

Betsy describes herself as a night owl and chooses to take afternoon classes rather than morning ones. Betsy is adjusting her lifestyle according her ____________________ ? a) Stages of sleep b) Sleeping disorder c) Circadian rhythms d) Level of consciousness

c) Circadian rhythms

Karen's youngest sister got out of bed and started doing some funny dance moves in the middle of the night last night. Karen can't wait to ask her what she was doing in the morning and retell the hilarious event. What will most likely happen when Karen asks her sister about the dancing? a) Her sister will recall the events with her. b) Her sister will remember the story very differently. c) Her sister will probably not remember anything. d) Her sister could not have danced unless she was awake.

c) Her sister will probably not remember anything

By using drugs, one allows the _______________ to override the _______________ control. a) Limbic system, parietal lobes b) Hypothalamus, occipital lobes c) Limbic system, frontal lobes d) Hypothalamus, temporal lobes

c) Limbic system, frontal lobes

Bill stayed up all night Thursday studying for his exam and again all night Friday hanging out with friends. When Bill goes to sleep next what stage of sleep will he fall directly into? a) Light sleep b) Deep sleep c) REM sleep d) Non-REM sleep

c) REM sleep

Rebecca observes her grandpa asleep in his recliner. He seems to stop breathing and she begins to panic but is relieved when he snorts and continues snoring. What disorder does Rebecca's grandpa probably have? a) Insomnia b) REM sleep disorder c) Sleep Apnea d) These are symptoms of both a & b.

c) Sleep Apnea

Steven and Kevin are camping. Steven hears something brushing up against their tent. Steven attempts to wake Kevin up by nudging his arm and repeating his name but is unsuccessful. Kevin is most likely in what stage of sleep? a) One b) Two c) Three d) REM

c) Three

Marsha collects dream interpretation books and looks up all her dreams in them. What view on dreaming do you suspect Marsha most closely agrees with? a) Cognitive theory b) Activation-synthesis theory c) Unconscious wish fulfillment d) None. This is crazy; no one would share those views.

c) Unconscious wish fulfillment

daily behavioral or physiological cycles that involve the sleep/wake cycle, body temperature, blood pressure, and blood sugar level

circadian rhythms

theory proposing that dreaming can be understood by applying the same cognitive concepts used to study the waking mind

cognitive theory of dreaming

an individuals awareness of external events and internal sensations under a condition of arousal, including awareness of the self and thoughts about one's experiences

consciousness

the most alert states of human consciousness, during which individuals actively focus their efforts toward a goal

controlled processes

At a party Kate has 6 alcoholic drinks. With each drink what is happening inside of Kate's brain? a) Kate's central nervous system is slowing down. b) The neurons in Kate's brain are firing slower. c) Kate's frontal lobes are being depressed. d) All of the above

d) All of the above

Maria is woken up by a loud noise outside her window. After making sure that the noise was harmless, she proceeds to record a very vivid, emotional dream in her dream journal. What stage of sleep was Maria most likely in when she woke up? a) Stage 1 b) Stage 2 c) Stage 3 d) REM

d) REM

Kim is 14 and lives with her parents, baby sister, and grandma. Place Kim's household in order from greatest to least amount of sleep needed. a) Kim > sister > grandma > mom & dad b) Grandma > mom & dad > Kim > sister c) Sister > grandma > mom & dad > Kim d) Sister > Kim > mom & dad > grandma

d) Sister > Kim > mom & dad > grandma

Colton is participating in a sleep study. While he sleeps, Dr. Rivera monitors his brain waves and occasionally notes brief high frequency waves appearing. What stage of sleep is Colton in? a) Stage 3 b) Any non-REM stage is possible c) REM d) Stage 2

d) Stage 2

This small brain structure uses input from the retina to synchronize its own rhythm with the daily cycle of light and dark. a) Reticular formation b) Amygdala c) Optic nerve d) Suprachiasmatic nucleus

d) Suprachiasmatic nucleus

psychoactive drugs that slow down mental and physical activity

depressants

hilgard's view that hypnosis involves a splitting of consciousness into two separate components: one that follows the hypnotists commands and the other that acts as a "hidden observer"

divided consciousness view of hypnosis

what is the most common neurotransmitter activated by psychoactive drugs and found to be related to addiction?

dopamine

higher-order, complex cognitive processes, including thinking, planning, and problem solving

executive function

A class project required a student nurse to make hourly records of her own blood pressure and body temperature over a 30-day period. When the data were graphed, it was evident that these readings changed in a predictable way on a daily basis. The reason for this regularity is that many physiological processes are:

governed by circadian rhythms

Brian ingested a drug at a party. He isn't sure what he took, but he decides to go see his doctor just to be safe. When the doctor asks Brian to describe what he is feeling, Brian says that this is the most "spiritual" that he has ever felt and that he is "totally in touch with his feelings and the world around him." What class of drug did Brian most likely ingest?

hallucinogen

psychoactive drugs that modify a persons perceptual experiences and produce visual images that are not real

hallucinogens

an altered state of consciousness in which the individual is unusually receptive to suggestions

hypnosis

a dreams hidden content; its unconscious and true meaning

latent content

binge drinking is detrimental in adolescence because adolescence is the most important period of development for __________.

learning

the surface content of a dream, containing dream symbols that disguise the dreams true meaning

manifest content

Kelly has a dream about being on a picnic date with her boyfriend when a snake comes along and chokes them. She goes to see a therapist to ask what the dream means and he questions her on what each of the images represents to her. Kelly is reporting the _____ of her dream and asking her therapist to provide her with the _____ of her dream.

manifest content; latent content

the attainment of a peaceful state of mind in which thoughts are not occupied by worry

meditation

opium and its derivatives; narcotic drugs that depress the central nervous systems activity and eliminate pain

opiates

the physiological need for a drug that causes unpleasant withdrawal symptoms such as physical pain and a craving for the drug when it is discontinued

physical dependence

drugs that act on the nervous system to alter consciousness, modify perception, and change mood

psychoactive drugs

the strong desire to repeat the use of a drug for emotional reasons, such as a feeling of well-being and reduction of stress

psychological dependence

a network of structures including the brain stem, medulla, and thalamus that are involved in the experience of arousal and engagement with the environment

reticular activating system

the perspective that hypnosis is a normal state in which the hypnotized person behaves in the way the individual believes that a hypnotized person should behave

social cognitive behavior view of hypnosis

In what stage do sleep spindles begin to appear on the EEG machine?

stage N2

Carlos is brought by ambulance into the ER with a possible drug overdose. His sister tells staff that he'd had trouble making simple decisions, such as what he wanted for dinner, earlier in the evening. Then, he couldn't remember anything that was said during dinner and kept asking the same questions. When he stood up from the dinner table, he lost consciousness. What drug did Carlos most likely take?

a barbiturate