Chapter 5

Secondary Policing

The situation in which a police officer accepts off-duty employment from a private company or government agency

Affirmative Action

a hiring or promotion policy favoring those groups, such as women, African Americans, or Hispanics, who have suffered from discrimination in the past or continue to suffer from discrimination

Probationary Period

a period of time at the beginning of a police officer's career during which she or he may be fired without cause

Coroner

the medical examiner of a county, usually elected by popular vote

Sheriff

the primary law enforcement officer in a county, usually elected to the post by a popular vote

Recruitment

the process by which law enforcement agencies develop a pool of qualified applicants from which to select new employees

Field Training

the segment of a police recruit's training in which he or she is removed from the classroom and placed on the beat, under the supervision of a senior officer

Infrastructure

the services and facilities that support the day-to-day needs of modern life, such as electricity, food, transportation, and water

Private Security

The practice of private corporations or individuals offering services traditionally performed by police officers

U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE)

the federal agency that enforces the nation's immigration and custom laws

U.S. Secret Service

a federal law enforcement organization with the primary responsibility of protecting the president, the president's family, the vice president, and other important political figures

Patronage System

a form of corruption in which the political party in power hires and promotes police officers and receives job-related "favors" in return

Professional Model

a style of policing advocated by August Vollmer and O.W. Wilson that emphasizes centralized police organization, increased use of technology, and a limitation of police discretion through regulations and guidelines

Intelligence-Led Policing

an approach that measures the risk of criminal behavior associated with certain individuals or locations so as to predict when and where such criminal behavior is most likely to occur in the future

Visa

official authorization allowing a person to travel to and within the issuing country

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)

the branch of the department of justice responsible for investigating violations of federal law

Double Marginality

the double suspicion that minority law enforcement officers face from their white colleagues and from members of the minority community to which they belong

Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)

the federal agency responsible for enforcing the nation's laws and regulations regarding narcotics and other controlled substances

U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP)

the federal agency responsible for protecting US borders and facilitating legal trade and travel across those borders