Chapter 5 - Religion, Rituals, and Health

What are the effects of NOT smoking?

*Positive the physical health consequences of not smoking are enormous. Decreased cigarette smoking will mean a reduction in chronic lung disease, lung cancer, all cancers (30% being related to smoking), coronary artery disease, hypertension, stroke, and other cardiovascular diseases (Ritter 100) Ritter, Lois A. Multicultural Health, 2nd Edition. Jones & Bartlett Learning, 20160203. VitalBook file.

What did the studies show about religion and cigarette smoking?

*Religious people are less likely to smoke. At least 137 studies have examined relationship between religion and spirituality and smoking, and of those, 123 (90%) reported statistically significant inverse relationships (including three at a trend level), and no studies found either a significant or even a trend association in the other direction. Of the 83 methodologically most rigorous studies, 75 (90%) reported inverse relationships with religion and spirituality involvement. N (Ritter 100) Ritter, Lois A. Multicultural Health, 2nd Edition. Jones & Bartlett Learning, 20160203. VitalBook file.

Depressant

A depressant slows down the nervous system. Alcohol is an example. Many religions also restrict spices and certain condiments, such as pepper, pickles, or foods with preservatives because they are believed to be harmful by nature and favor the natural taste and effect of foods (Ritter 99) Ritter, Lois A. Multicultural Health, 2nd Edition. Jones & Bartlett Learning, 20160203. VitalBook file.

Stimulant

A stimulant is a product (including medications), food, or drink that stimulates the nervous system and alters the recipient's physiology. Stimulants include substances that contain caffeine, including some teas, coffee, chocolate, and energy drinks. Caffeine is prohibited or restricted by many religions because of its addictive properties. (Ritter 99) Ritter, Lois A. Multicultural Health, 2nd Edition. Jones & Bartlett Learning, 20160203. VitalBook file.

Are spirituality and religion the same? Why or why not?

Although many people find spirituality in the form of religious practice, religion and spirituality are conceptually different. A person may be spiritual without being religious, or may be both.

What are the effects of religion on the development or prognosis of cancer?

At least 29 studies have examined relationships between religion/spirituality and either the onset or the outcome of cancer (including cancer mortality). Of those, 16 (55%) found that those who are more religious or spiritual had a lower risk of developing cancer or a better prognosis, although 2 (7%) studies reported a significantly worse prognosis. Of the 20 methodologically most rigorous studies, 12 (60%) found an association between religion or spirituality and lower risk or better outcomes, and none reported worse risk or outcomes. The results from some of these studies can be partially explained by better health behaviors (less cigarette smoking, alcohol abuse, etc.), but not all. Effects not explained by better health behaviors could be explained by lower stress levels and higher social support in those who are more religious or spiritual. Although cancer is not thought to be as sensitive as cardiovascular disorders to psychosocial stressors, psychosocial influences on cancer incidence and outcome are present (Koenig, 2012). (Ritter 102-103) Ritter, Lois A. Multicultural Health, 2nd Edition. Jones & Bartlett Learning, 20160203. VitalBook file.

Dietary Practices

Dietary practices have a long history of being incorporated into religions around the world. Some religions •prohibit followers from consuming certain foods and drinks all of the time or on certain holy days; •require or encourage specific dietary and food preparation practices and/or fasting (going without food and/or drink for a specified time); or •prohibit eating certain foods at the same meal, such as dairy and meat products. Other religions require certain methods of food preparation and have special rules about the use of pans, plates, utensils, and how the food is to be cooked. Foods and drinks also may be a part of religious celebrations or rituals. (Ritter 96) Ritter, Lois A. Multicultural Health, 2nd Edition. Jones & Bartlett Learning, 20160203. VitalBook file.

What are the effects of religion on blood pressure?

Epidemiological studies have found that individuals who report higher levels of religious activities tend to have lower blood pressure. Johnson, Tompkins, and Webb's (2008) review of the research indicates that 76% of the studies found that religious activities or involvement tend to be linked with reduced levels of hypertension. Koenig (2012) found that at least 63 studies have examined the relationship between religion and spirituality and blood pressure, of which 36 (57%) reported significantly lower blood pressure in those who are more religious or spiritual and 7 (11%) reported significantly higher blood pressure. (Ritter 102) Ritter, Lois A. Multicultural Health, 2nd Edition. Jones & Bartlett Learning, 20160203. VitalBook file.

Failure to conform to community norms

Failure to conform to community norms. Open criticism by other congregation members or clergy can increase stress in social relationships. Feelings of religious guilt and the failure to meet religious expectations or cope with religious fears can contribute to illness. In some cases, parents' reliance on religion instead of traditional medical care has led to children's deaths.

Positive effects of religion on mental health?

Generally, religion is helpful in providing explanations and practices that can support individuals in understanding and dealing with distress. (Ritter 104) Ritter, Lois A. Multicultural Health, 2nd Edition. Jones & Bartlett Learning, 20160203. VitalBook file.

Proscribed behaviors

Health behaviors encouraged or proscribed by particular religions are one possible explanation for how religion can positively affect health. Some religions prohibit tobacco, alcohol, caffeine, certain sexual practices, and premarital sex, and some encourage vegetarianism. (Ritter 96) Ritter, Lois A. Multicultural Health, 2nd Edition. Jones & Bartlett Learning, 20160203. VitalBook file.

Religion and Exercise

Level of exercise and physical activity also appears linked to religion and spirituality. Koenig (2012) located 37 studies that examined this relationship. Of those, 25 (68%) reported significant positive relationships between religion and spiritual involvement and greater exercise or physical activity, whereas 6 (16%) found significant inverse relationships. Of 21 studies with the highest quality ratings, 16 (76%) reported positive associations and 2 (10%) found negative associations (Koenig, 2012). (Ritter 100) Ritter, Lois A. Multicultural Health, 2nd Edition. Jones & Bartlett Learning, 20160203. VitalBook file.

The effect of fasting on health?

Negative - During times of fasting, most but not all religions permit the consumption of water. Water restriction can lead to a risk of dehydration. Some fasters may not take their medication during the fast, which may put their health at risk. Prolonged fasting and/or restrictions from water and/or medications may pose health risks for some followers. Because of these health risks, certain groups are often excused from fasting. These groups include people with chronic diseases, frail elderly, pregnant and lactating women, people who engage in strenuous labor, young children, and people suffering from malnutrition (Ritter 99) Ritter, Lois A. Multicultural Health, 2nd Edition. Jones & Bartlett Learning, 20160203. VitalBook file.

Is the separation between Religion and Rituals definitive?

No The chapter begins with a discussion of religion and then moves into rituals, but the separation is not definitive. (P. 94)

Promiscuous Sexual Behavior

Out-of-wedlock pregnancy is associated with poverty, higher infant mortality rates, increased risk of contracting sexually transmitted diseases, and other issues. Studies in the Johnson, Tompkins, and Webb (2008) review generally show that those who are religious are less likely to engage in premarital sex or extramarital affairs or to have multiple sexual partners (see Table 5.3). In fact, approximately 97% of the studies that were reviewed reported significant correlations between increased religious involvement and lower likelihood of promiscuous sexual behaviors (see Figure 5.1). None of the studies found that increased religious participation or commitment was linked to increases in promiscuous behavior. (Ritter 105) Ritter, Lois A. Multicultural Health, 2nd Edition. Jones & Bartlett Learning, 20160203. VitalBook file.

Negative effects of religion on mental health?

Religion also can be a contributor to distress and the onset of mental illness when individuals are confronted with distress that seems to demonstrate the failure of religious beliefs (Pargament, 2013). Religion has been used to justify unhealthy and lethal behavior, for example, when a woman says God told her to kill her three children. Bad judgment and mental illness are no excuse to blame religion, but unhealthy acts do occur in the name of religion. (Ritter 104) Ritter, Lois A. Multicultural Health, 2nd Edition. Jones & Bartlett Learning, 20160203. VitalBook file.

What is the purpose of fasting?

Religions may incorporate some element of fasting in their practices. In many religions, the general purpose for fasting is to become closer to God, show respect for the body (temple) that is a gift from God, understand and appreciate the suffering that the poor experience, acquire the discipline required to resist temptation, atone for sinful acts, and/or cleanse evil from within the body (Advameg Inc., 2008). Fasting may be recommended for specific times of the day; for a specified number of hours; on designated days of the week, month, or year; or on holy days. (Ritter 96) Ritter, Lois A. Multicultural Health, 2nd Edition. Jones & Bartlett Learning, 20160203. VitalBook file.

What is the greatest controllable thread to health and well-being in the modern era?

Religious conflict is perhaps the greatest controllable threat to health and well-being in the modern era. Though raised as a Christian, during World War II, Adolph Hitler intentionally murdered 6 million Jews. Jews and Muslims repeatedly attack one another, keeping the Middle East in a constant state of tension over the last 50 years. Islamic extremists have declared war on Christian believers and used explosives on subways in Spain, crashed jetliners into high rises in New York, and used modern media to display multiple and serial beheadings while ostensibly practicing their religion. Threats of nuclear proliferation and potential use of "dirty" nuclear weapons have been driven by religious conflict.

What religions allow the use of stimulants and depressants?

Roman Catholics, Eastern Orthodox Christians, and certain Protestant denominations use wine as a sacramental product to represent the blood of Christ in communion services (Advameg Inc., 2008). Rastafarians introduced marijuana into their religious rites because they consider it to be the "weed of wisdom," and they believe it contains healing ingredients (Advameg Inc., 2008). American Indians use tobacco and the hallucinogenic peyote as part of their spiritual ceremonies. (Ritter 99) Ritter, Lois A. Multicultural Health, 2nd Edition. Jones & Bartlett Learning, 20160203. VitalBook file.

What is the effect of spiritual influences and religion on health?

Scientific research has determined that spiritual practices positively influence health and increase longevity. However, there is disagreement as to the mechanism of these benefits. (P. 93-94) Research has shown that both spirituality and religious beliefs have positive effects on health. (P. 94)

Improved coping skills

Social relationships also are tied to coping mechanisms because they provide support in multiple forms during times of stress. For example, financial support may be provided to people who have incurred a tragedy, such as a disability, loss of job, or a house fire. Religious organizations also conduct fundraisers for families who have experienced a death or personal tragedy in the family. Churches and temples assist elders by providing transportation or taking food to the homebound. Friendships and a sense of purpose also are methods of support. (Ritter 96) Ritter, Lois A. Multicultural Health, 2nd Edition. Jones & Bartlett Learning, 20160203. VitalBook file.

Closer social relationships

Social relationships are another potential explanatory factor for the connection between religion and improved health indicators. Social ties can provide both support and a sense of connectedness. Many churches and temples offer workshops, health fairs, and craft fairs, which provide social interactions. (Ritter 96) Ritter, Lois A. Multicultural Health, 2nd Edition. Jones & Bartlett Learning, 20160203. VitalBook file.

Why do people with stronger religious ties have better health?

The answer includes several possible factors, such as: •proscribed behaviors, •closer social relationships, and •improved coping mechanisms. (Ritter, 96)

Spirituality

The belief in a higher power, something beyond the human experience, and its intercession in healing. For many people, spirituality is a means of living with, confronting, or otherwise addressing universally mysterious events and occurrences. These events include birth, death, health, personal challenges, and tragedies.

The effect of the restriction of certain foods on health?

The restriction of certain foods and beverages may have a positive impact on the health of those engaged in such practices. For example, restricting consumption of animal products, such as beef and pork or all animal products, may reduce the risk of health problems. Many religions, such as Hinduism and Buddhism, practice or promote vegetarianism, and these diets have been shown to have several health effects, such as the reduction of heart disease, cancer, obesity, and stroke. Some religions help prevent obesity through beliefs that gluttony is a sin, only take what you need, and the need for self-discipline. (Ritter 96) Ritter, Lois A. Multicultural Health, 2nd Edition. Jones & Bartlett Learning, 20160203. VitalBook file.

Do people who are religious live longer than those who are not religious?

Yes! (5-28 years)

The influence of religion and spirituality is most evident in its "effects" on..

cigarette smoking. (Ritter 100) Ritter, Lois A. Multicultural Health, 2nd Edition. Jones & Bartlett Learning, 20160203. VitalBook file.

What does most research focus on?

most of the research has focused on health and religion, as opposed to health and spirituality, primarily because religion is associated with behaviors that can be quantified (e.g., how often one prays or attends a place of worship), it can be categorized by type of religion, and there is more agreement about its meaning. (P. 94).

Fatalistic attitude

people may not participate in healthy behaviors because they believe that their health is in God's hands, so their behaviors will not change God's plan. This is referred to as a fatalistic attitude

Religion

the acceptance of the specific beliefs and practices of an organized religion. Religion is generally an organized approach to practicing a form of spiritual belief in and respect for a supernatural power or powers, which is regarded as a creator or a governing framework of the universe and is supported by personal or institutionalized systems grounded in belief and worship. (P. 94)

Although most scientific evidence shows that religion has positive effects on health, what are some ways in which it can be dangerous?

• used to justify hatred, aggression, and prejudice •can be judgmental, alienating, and exclusive. • Religious conflict • failure to conform to community norms. •Fatalistic attitudes (Ritter 100-101) Ritter, Lois A. Multicultural Health, 2nd Edition. Jones & Bartlett Learning, 20160203. VitalBook file.