Chapter 5 Smartwork

True or false: Hormonal changes in puberty increase the likelihood of behaviors such as affection, charm, or assertiveness.

False

True or false: Studies show that levels of self-esteem remain the same for boys and girls from elementary school through college.

False

Pollack suggests that boys learn the "boy code" in many contexts such as

schoolrooms. playgrounds. camps

A broad category that reflects generalizations and widely held beliefs about females and males is known as a _____.

gender stereotype

According to UNICEF, by age 18, girls from across the globe have received, on average, ______ years less education than boys have.

4.4

Research on the effectiveness of gender curriculum reveals the most successful outcomes in androgyny education are found with ____ graders.

5th

According to Women in Academia, men attended college after high school at a rate of ________ percent while women attended college at a rate of _________ percent.

62; 76

In statistics from 2012, almost percent of women attended college after high school compared with 62 percent of men.

76

______ refers to the presence of positive masculine and feminine characteristics in the same person.

Androgyny

Factors indicating a bias against boys in the classroom setting include:

Boys are more likely than girls to be criticized by their teachers. The majority of teachers are females making it more difficult for boys to identify with and model their teachers' behavior. Compliance, rule-following, and being neat and orderly are valued. Girls tend to characterize these behaviors more than boys.

Factors indicating a bias against girls in the classroom setting include:

Boys tend to get more instruction than girls and more help when needed. Girls' tend to be more compliant and quiet than boys.

Based on Deborah's Tannen's work, communication style impacts play between boys and girls in the following ways:

Boys' games have winners and losers. Girls are not as concerned with status as are boys. Girls take turns more often.

Which statement best describes experts' views of gender differences in mathematics?

Experts disagree about whether gender roles predict mathematic skills.

According to social role theory, which of the following are important causes of gender differences in power, assertiveness, and nurturing? (Select all that apply.)

Division of labor Social hierarchy

The extent of gender differences and their causes is controversial. Which of the following arguments have been made in this debate?

Gender differences are exaggerated Gender differences are extensive and due to evolutionary factors Gender differences are either nonexistent or small

Which of the following provides males and females with a framework of how they should think, act, and feel?

Gender roles

Which developmental theory states that gender typing happens when children understand what their culture considers appropriate and inappropriate behavior for each gender?

Gender schema theory

Critics of Gilligan's concept of the "different voice" present in adolescent girls suggest

Gilligan's research rarely includes statistical analysis Gilligan's research rarely includes a comparison group of boys Gilligan's research reinforces stereotypes

Which of the following statements are accurate regarding gender differences in emotion? (Select all that apply.)

Girls are more likely to express their emotions openly and intensely than boys. Boys are more likely to show less self-regulation than girls. Girls are better at reading others' emotions and more likely to show empathy than boys.

What was Freud's central theory about sexual and gender behavior?

It is rooted in instinct.

Evolutionary psychologists argue that natural selection for which gender favors many partners?

Males

Regarding the development of mental and physical disorders, which statements are true? (Select all that apply.)

Men are more likely than women to develop physical disorders. Men are more likely than women to develop mental disorders.

(Parents/Peers) provide the first models of gender behavior but soon(parents/peers) serve as the role modes for gender behavior.

Parents, peers

What do Gilligan's critics suggest is most important in addressing the gender role issues of adolescent girls?

Providing opportunities for girls to achieve

Observation, imitation, and rewards and punishment are facets of which gender theory?

Social cognitive

Evolutionary psychologists believe that females developed preferences for which of the following types of men?

Supportive Ambitious Able to provide

Which of the following are TRUE regarding features of the brain in women and men? (Select all that apply.)

The female brain has more folds and more surface brain tissue than the male brain. The female brain is smaller than the male brain.

How do critics view evolutionary psychologists' references to prehistoric social tendencies concerning gender?

They are based on guesses, not fact.

What is the goal of gender-role transcendence?

To treat each person as an individual rather than as a member of a gender

True or false: Males tend to show less self-regulation than girls, and this low self-control can translate into behavior problems.

True

According to Bem's gender-role classifications,

a feminine individual is high on expressive traits and low on instrumental traits. an androgynous individual is high on both masculine and feminine traits. a masculine individual is high on instrumental traits and low on expressive traits.

What is an accurate statement about gender differences in the expression of relational aggression?

a higher percentage of girl's aggression is relational

According to Bem, the individual demonstrates a high degree of both masculine and feminine traits.

androgynous

The presence of positive masculine and feminine characteristics in the same person is called ______.

androgyny

William Pollack believes considerable talk has been expressed regarding the "sensitive male," yet little has been done to change what he calls the .

boy code

As early as elementary school, the playground environment can be characterized as "gender school," wherein

boys teach other boys appropriate masculine behaviors. girls teach other girls appropriate feminine behaviors.

According to social role theory, gender differences result from the ______ roles of women and men.

contrasting

According to gender schema theory, gender typing occurs when children

develop a concept of what is appropriate for males and females.

Gilligan describes the , the concept that young, adolescent girls become aware that the male-dominated culture does not value their intense interest in intimacy even though society values women's caring and altruism.

different voice

Boys are more likely than girls to

drop out of school.

Pleck's research concludes, male adolescents perceive that they will be thought of as more masculine if they engage in

drug use. delinquent behaviors. premarital sex

When compared to their male counterparts relative to school, females are more likely to

engaged in academic material. retain more positive attitudes about school. put forth more academic effort.

Girls spend more time in relationships while boys spend more time

engaged in sports. playing video games. alone.

Gender expert Janet Shibley Hyde (2007) believes that cognitive differences between females and males have been _______.

exaggerated

According to William Pollack's research, boys would benefit from being taught how to

express their anxieties. regulate their aggression.

Recent research suggests girls and boys who engaged in _______ gender-typed behaviors had lower levels of school engagement and school attachment.

extreme

Which gender views itself as more prosocial and empathic?

females

A(n) _________ individual is high on expressive traits and low on instrumental traits.

feminine

or androgynous gender role may be more desirable in close relationships.

feminine

During puberty, girls' sexual activity is more strongly influenced by the type of __________ they have than by their hormone levels.

friends

Relative to puberty and sexuality in girls, although androgen levels and sexual activity were associated, girls' sexual activity was more strongly influenced by their .

friends or peers

refers to the characteristics of people as males and females.

gender

The suggestion that psychological and behavioral differences between boys and girls become greater during early adolescence because of increased socialization pressures to conform to tradition is referred to as the hypothesis.

gender intensification

The ______ _______ ______ states that psychological and behavioral differences between boys and girls become greater during adolescence because increased socialization pressures to conform to traditional masculine and feminine gender roles.

gender intensification hypothesis

Both Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson argued anatomy is destiny. This belief suggests

gender is unlearned and instinctual. sexual behavior is unlearned and instinctual. human behavior is directly related to reproductive processes.

The belief that an individual's competence should be conceptualized based on a person's individuality rather than one's masculinity, femininity, or androgyny is referred to as .

gender role transcendence

The characteristics of people as males and females, an aspect central to adolescent identity, is referred to as

gender.

When gender differences in the brain have been revealed, in many cases they _______ psychological differences.

have not been directly linked to

Research suggests the age range in which adolescent girls express a decline in self-esteem occurs most widely

in high school.

Gilligan's different "voice" refers to the point at which girls realize their intense interest in is not valued even though society values women's caring and altruism.

intimacy

The largest gender difference in prosocial behavior occurs for ______ with a smaller difference for ______.

kind and considerate behavior; sharing

Television music videos portray (male/female) characters as aggressive, dominant, confident, and active.

male

Opportunities to receive advanced training or advanced degrees are higher in most countries for (males/females) than for (males/females).

males, females

A or androgynous gender role may be more desirable in academic and work settings that require assertiveness.

masculine

A(n) ________ individual is high on instrumental traits and low on expressive traits.

masculine

According to Bem, an individual high on instrumental traits and low on expressive traits in identified as .

masculine

In one study regarding the influence of siblings on gender socialization, younger siblings became (more/less) similar to their older siblings in terms of gender-role and leisure activity.

more

One research study revealed that the more time adolescent girls and boys spent watching television for entertainment, the more ___________ their body images.

negative

Research has revealed _______ gender differences in general intellectual ability.

no

Adolescents' gender attitudes and behavior are powerfully influenced by approval or disapproval.

peer

Researchers have found that girls are more oriented while boys are more oriented.

people, things

Males are more likely than females to turn their anger into action, especially when the culture endorses such action.

physical

Boys are consistently more aggressive than girls.

physically

Research by Bronstein found that mothers tend to

place more restrictions on their daughters autonomy. socialize their daughters to be more obedient and responsible.

Compared to boys and their play groups, girls tend to

play in small groups.

Girls' (positive/negative) attitudes about school are linked to (lower/higher) grades.

positive higher

According to Deborah Tannen, girls enjoy conversation that is relationship-oriented, referred to as .

rapport talk

Deborah Tannen differentiates between male and female communication styles, suggesting females enjoy the more relationship-oriented ________ talk while males prefer the more information-centered, ________ talk.

rapport; report

Ten-year-old Alexis and her friend Chloe have been spreading untrue rumors around school about their classmate Ginger because they were offended when Ginger declined to join their group. This is an example of .

relational agression

A gender is a set of expectations that prescribes how females or males should think, act, and feel.

role

MTV videos often reinforce stereotypes of women as

sexual objects. subordinate to males.

Media often portray teenage girls as being most concerned with

shopping. dating. appearance.

In a few cultures where both girls and boys regularly care for younger siblings, boys and girls are in their tendencies to nurture.

simlar

Recent research concludes gender differences in adolescence are quite (large/small).

small

The ______ approach argues that children's and adolescents' gender development occurs through observation and imitation, and through the rewards and punishments they experience for gender-relevant behavior.

social cognitive

Five-year-old Billy should like to rough-house and play with trucks, while his twin sister, Becky, is supposed to be kind to others and enjoy playing with dolls. These are examples of gender:

stereotypes

Males are more likely to show anger toward _______, especially other males, when they think they have been challenged.

strangers

Mothers' interactions with their adolescents typically center on

teaching. caregiving.

The strongest argument against single-sex education is

the reduction in opportunities for boys and girls to collaborate in a supervised setting.

Recent research into gender differences in math ability has found that in the United States:

there are no significant differences in math test scores for boys and girls

When it comes to helping behavior, males are more likely to help in situations in which

they feel competent to help. perceived danger is present.

Adolescent peer groups are more likely

to be a mix of boys and girls compared to childhood peer groups. to spend approximately 3/4 of their time "hanging out" with adolescents of the same gender as themselves.

In regard to androgyny education, it is easier to teach androgyny

to girls than to boys. before middle school grades.

Criticisms of evolutionary psychology relative to explanations for gender differences include

too little attention paid to environmental experiences. too much attention paid to biology.

Compared to men, women have about ______ the body fat.

twice

According to Bem, the individual demonstrates a low degree of both feminine and masculine traits.

undifferentiated

A individual low on both masculine and feminine traits is considered

undifferentiated.

Arguments against single-sex education conclude the concept is:

unsupported by valid scientific evidence misconstrued highly misguided

Girls are usually more (physically/verbally) aggressive than boys.

verbally

As it relates to the role of siblings on gender socialization, the following are true:

younger siblings become more similar to their older siblings older siblings become less like their younger siblings