Chapter 5. States of Consciousness

Sleepwalking

Occurs during the deepest stages of sleep and is also called somnambulism.

the process by which we think about thinking

Metacognition describes;

Stage N2

No longer consciously aware of the environment; an EEG pattern will show sleep spindles.

breathing

Sleep apnea is a sleep disorder in which individuals stop

sleepwalking

Somnambulism is also known as

Tolerance

The need to take increasing amounts of a drug to produce the same effect is known as

global brain workspace

Variety of brain areas working in parallel to produce a subjective experience of consciousness.

higher-level consciousness

practicing free-throws for your basketball try-out

lower-level consciousness

sending a text message without looking at the screen.

subconscious awareness

sleeping and dreaming

Reduced anxiety, fewer negative emotions, better immune system response to a flu vaccine, increased activation in the left hemisphere

what are the long-term effects of meditation on the brain?

Alcohol, Opiates, Barbiturates

Type of drug depressants;

LSD, Marijuana

Type of drug hallucinogens;

Cocaine, Amphetamines, Nicotine, MDMA (Ecstasy)

Type of drug stimulants;

less

Typically, stage N3 sleep is characterized by delta waves occurring ______ than 50 percent of the time.

Stage R

An active stage of sleep characterized by REM and fast wave patterns in an EEG.

numerous brief awakenings during the night, loud snoring, punctuated by silence.

Common signs of sleep apnea include

Sleep Apnea

A disorder characterized by moments of stopped breathing during sleep.

narcolepsy

A disorder that involves a sudden, overpowering urge to sleep is called ____ .

alcoholism

A disorder that involves long-term, repeated, uncontrolled, compulsive, and excessive use of alcoholic beverages and that impairs the drinker's health and social relationships is known as

Stage W

A person is awake and their EEG patterns include beta and alpha waves.

stimulant

Amphetamines are classified as _____ drugs that people use to boost energy, stay awake, or lose weight.

nightmare

An ____ is characterized by sudden arousal from sleep and intense fear.

stimulant

Caffeine is classified as a

Show increased amplitude, slowed down waves, synchronous, associated with relaxation and drowsiness

Characteristics of Alpha Waves

high frequency and low amplitude, associated with concentration and alertness, desynchronous

Characteristics of Beta Waves

-it is caused by a genetic mutation, it results in progressive inability to sleep, a person with FFI may demonstrate strange motor movements and appear confused, it leads to death

Characteristics of fatal familial insomnia (FFI)

State N3

Characterized by delta wave patterns in an EEG and is considered our deepest sleep.

Blood sugar levels, body temperature, blood pressure, the sleep/wake cycle

Daily circadian rhythms involve which of the following?

Insomnia

Difficulties falling asleep, walking up during the middle of the night, or waking up too early

latent content

During a session with a psychoanalyst, a client shares a dream about an umbrella. He later comes to realize that the umbrella symbolizes a penis. In this case, the psychoanalyst is giving an interpretation of the ____ of his client's dream.

addiction

Experts on drug abuse use the term ______ to describe either a physical or a psychological dependence, or both, on the drug.

body weight, gender, stomach enzymes, individual differences in the way the body metabolizes alcohol

Factors in the way and individuals metabolizes alcohol?

reticular activating system

Includes the brain stem, medulla and thalamus and is responsible for our

prefrontal cortex

Involved in complex perceptions and goes beyond a general level of awareness of sensory information.

hallucinogen

LSD is classified as a ___ .

Reduced anxiety, fewer negative emotions, increased activation in the left hemisphere, better immune system response to a flue vaccine.

Long term effects of meditation on the brain?

Dopamine, Serotonin, Norepinephrine

MDMA produces its effects by releasing which of the following neurotransmitters?

practicing yoga, taking a walk in the country side, various medical therapies

Meditation can include

narcotics

Opiates, also known as _______ , are classified as depressants.

stream of consciousness

Our minds can race from one idea to the next, altering our awareness of things around us. This is called ___ .

biological rhythms

Periodic fluctuations in the body are known as

dependence

Physical _____ is the physiological need for a drug, accompanied by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms, such as pain and cravings, when the drug is discontinued.

hallucinogens

Psychoactive drugs that modify a person's perceptual experiences and produce visual images that are not real are known as ___ .

strong desire to use a drug repetitively for emotional reasons.

Psychological dependence is the ____ .

dreaming

REM sleep is an active stage of sleep during which vivid ____ occurs.

theta

Stage N1 sleep is characterized by ____ waves, which are even slower in frequency and greater in amplitude than alpha waves.

Night terrors

Sudden arousal from sleep with intense fears and includes symptoms similar to a panic attack.

Narcolepsy

Sudden urge to sleep.

cognitive theory

The ___ of dreaming proposes that dreaming can be understood by applying the same concepts that are used to study the waking mind.

activation-synthesis

The ____ theory states that dreaming occurs when the cerebral cortex synthesizes neural signals generated from activity in the lower part of the brain.

dreaming can be understood by applying the same cognitive concepts that are used to study the waking mind.

The cognitive theory of dreaming proposes that ___ .

tremors, dizziness, nausea

The effects of LSD on the body cn include:

stimulant, hallucinogen

To which classifications does MDMA

Hallucinogens

To which drug classification does marijuana belong?

depressant

Tranquilizers, such as Valium and Xanax, are classified as ____ drugs that reduce anxiety and induce relaxation.

insomnia is the inability to fall asleep

What is insomnia?

theory of mind

What is the phrase developmentalists commonly use to refer to individuals' understanding that they and others think, feel, perceive, and have private experiences?

Stage N1

When a person is just dozing off and starting to fall asleep; may include sudden muscle movements or the sensation of falling.

The windpipe fails to open, Brain processes involved in respiration fail

Which of the following are causes of sleep apnea?

Alcohol, Barbiturates

Which of the following are considered depressants?

undergoing hypnosis

Which of the following is an example of an altered state of consciousness?

Depressants

Which psychoactive drugs slow down mental and physical activity?

Opiates

___ , also called narcotics, depress activity in the

Stimulants

___ are psychoactive drugs that increase the central nervous system's activity.

latent

___ content is a dream's hidden content.

Meditation

___ involves attaining a peaceful state of mind in which thoughts are not occupied by worry.

manifest content

___ is a dream's surface content.

Executive function

___ refers to processes, such as thinking, planning, and problem-solving, which are linked to the functioning of the brain's prefrontal cortex.

executive function

___ refers to processes, such as thinking, planning, and problem-solving, which are linked to the functioning of the brain's prefrontal cortex.

Stage N1

___ sleep is characterized by theta waves.

altered

___ states of consciousness can be produced by drugs, trauma, fatigue, possibly hypnosis, and sensory deprivation.

consciousness

____ is the general term for awareness of sensations, thoughts, and feelings being experienced.

nicotine

____ is the main psychoactive ingredient in all forms of smoking.

automatic

____ processes are states of consciousness that require little attention and do not interfere with other ongoing activities.

Executive function

_____ refers to processes, such as thinking, planning, and problem-solving, which are linked to the functioning of the brain's prefrontal cortex.

global brain workspace

the processing of awareness and arousal throughout various parts of the brain is identified as ___.

altered states of consciousness

undergoing hypnosis