Chapter 5. States of Consciousness
Sleepwalking
Occurs during the deepest stages of sleep and is also called somnambulism.
the process by which we think about thinking
Metacognition describes;
Stage N2
No longer consciously aware of the environment; an EEG pattern will show sleep spindles.
breathing
Sleep apnea is a sleep disorder in which individuals stop
sleepwalking
Somnambulism is also known as
Tolerance
The need to take increasing amounts of a drug to produce the same effect is known as
global brain workspace
Variety of brain areas working in parallel to produce a subjective experience of consciousness.
higher-level consciousness
practicing free-throws for your basketball try-out
lower-level consciousness
sending a text message without looking at the screen.
subconscious awareness
sleeping and dreaming
Reduced anxiety, fewer negative emotions, better immune system response to a flu vaccine, increased activation in the left hemisphere
what are the long-term effects of meditation on the brain?
Alcohol, Opiates, Barbiturates
Type of drug depressants;
LSD, Marijuana
Type of drug hallucinogens;
Cocaine, Amphetamines, Nicotine, MDMA (Ecstasy)
Type of drug stimulants;
less
Typically, stage N3 sleep is characterized by delta waves occurring ______ than 50 percent of the time.
Stage R
An active stage of sleep characterized by REM and fast wave patterns in an EEG.
numerous brief awakenings during the night, loud snoring, punctuated by silence.
Common signs of sleep apnea include
Sleep Apnea
A disorder characterized by moments of stopped breathing during sleep.
narcolepsy
A disorder that involves a sudden, overpowering urge to sleep is called ____ .
alcoholism
A disorder that involves long-term, repeated, uncontrolled, compulsive, and excessive use of alcoholic beverages and that impairs the drinker's health and social relationships is known as
Stage W
A person is awake and their EEG patterns include beta and alpha waves.
stimulant
Amphetamines are classified as _____ drugs that people use to boost energy, stay awake, or lose weight.
nightmare
An ____ is characterized by sudden arousal from sleep and intense fear.
stimulant
Caffeine is classified as a
Show increased amplitude, slowed down waves, synchronous, associated with relaxation and drowsiness
Characteristics of Alpha Waves
high frequency and low amplitude, associated with concentration and alertness, desynchronous
Characteristics of Beta Waves
-it is caused by a genetic mutation, it results in progressive inability to sleep, a person with FFI may demonstrate strange motor movements and appear confused, it leads to death
Characteristics of fatal familial insomnia (FFI)
State N3
Characterized by delta wave patterns in an EEG and is considered our deepest sleep.
Blood sugar levels, body temperature, blood pressure, the sleep/wake cycle
Daily circadian rhythms involve which of the following?
Insomnia
Difficulties falling asleep, walking up during the middle of the night, or waking up too early
latent content
During a session with a psychoanalyst, a client shares a dream about an umbrella. He later comes to realize that the umbrella symbolizes a penis. In this case, the psychoanalyst is giving an interpretation of the ____ of his client's dream.
addiction
Experts on drug abuse use the term ______ to describe either a physical or a psychological dependence, or both, on the drug.
body weight, gender, stomach enzymes, individual differences in the way the body metabolizes alcohol
Factors in the way and individuals metabolizes alcohol?
reticular activating system
Includes the brain stem, medulla and thalamus and is responsible for our
prefrontal cortex
Involved in complex perceptions and goes beyond a general level of awareness of sensory information.
hallucinogen
LSD is classified as a ___ .
Reduced anxiety, fewer negative emotions, increased activation in the left hemisphere, better immune system response to a flue vaccine.
Long term effects of meditation on the brain?
Dopamine, Serotonin, Norepinephrine
MDMA produces its effects by releasing which of the following neurotransmitters?
practicing yoga, taking a walk in the country side, various medical therapies
Meditation can include
narcotics
Opiates, also known as _______ , are classified as depressants.
stream of consciousness
Our minds can race from one idea to the next, altering our awareness of things around us. This is called ___ .
biological rhythms
Periodic fluctuations in the body are known as
dependence
Physical _____ is the physiological need for a drug, accompanied by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms, such as pain and cravings, when the drug is discontinued.
hallucinogens
Psychoactive drugs that modify a person's perceptual experiences and produce visual images that are not real are known as ___ .
strong desire to use a drug repetitively for emotional reasons.
Psychological dependence is the ____ .
dreaming
REM sleep is an active stage of sleep during which vivid ____ occurs.
theta
Stage N1 sleep is characterized by ____ waves, which are even slower in frequency and greater in amplitude than alpha waves.
Night terrors
Sudden arousal from sleep with intense fears and includes symptoms similar to a panic attack.
Narcolepsy
Sudden urge to sleep.
cognitive theory
The ___ of dreaming proposes that dreaming can be understood by applying the same concepts that are used to study the waking mind.
activation-synthesis
The ____ theory states that dreaming occurs when the cerebral cortex synthesizes neural signals generated from activity in the lower part of the brain.
dreaming can be understood by applying the same cognitive concepts that are used to study the waking mind.
The cognitive theory of dreaming proposes that ___ .
tremors, dizziness, nausea
The effects of LSD on the body cn include:
stimulant, hallucinogen
To which classifications does MDMA
Hallucinogens
To which drug classification does marijuana belong?
depressant
Tranquilizers, such as Valium and Xanax, are classified as ____ drugs that reduce anxiety and induce relaxation.
insomnia is the inability to fall asleep
What is insomnia?
theory of mind
What is the phrase developmentalists commonly use to refer to individuals' understanding that they and others think, feel, perceive, and have private experiences?
Stage N1
When a person is just dozing off and starting to fall asleep; may include sudden muscle movements or the sensation of falling.
The windpipe fails to open, Brain processes involved in respiration fail
Which of the following are causes of sleep apnea?
Alcohol, Barbiturates
Which of the following are considered depressants?
undergoing hypnosis
Which of the following is an example of an altered state of consciousness?
Depressants
Which psychoactive drugs slow down mental and physical activity?
Opiates
___ , also called narcotics, depress activity in the
Stimulants
___ are psychoactive drugs that increase the central nervous system's activity.
latent
___ content is a dream's hidden content.
Meditation
___ involves attaining a peaceful state of mind in which thoughts are not occupied by worry.
manifest content
___ is a dream's surface content.
Executive function
___ refers to processes, such as thinking, planning, and problem-solving, which are linked to the functioning of the brain's prefrontal cortex.
executive function
___ refers to processes, such as thinking, planning, and problem-solving, which are linked to the functioning of the brain's prefrontal cortex.
Stage N1
___ sleep is characterized by theta waves.
altered
___ states of consciousness can be produced by drugs, trauma, fatigue, possibly hypnosis, and sensory deprivation.
consciousness
____ is the general term for awareness of sensations, thoughts, and feelings being experienced.
nicotine
____ is the main psychoactive ingredient in all forms of smoking.
automatic
____ processes are states of consciousness that require little attention and do not interfere with other ongoing activities.
Executive function
_____ refers to processes, such as thinking, planning, and problem-solving, which are linked to the functioning of the brain's prefrontal cortex.
global brain workspace
the processing of awareness and arousal throughout various parts of the brain is identified as ___.
altered states of consciousness
undergoing hypnosis