Chapter 5
8. Which of the following is classified as a process theory? a) Acquired needs theory b) Equity theory c) Herzberg's two-factor theory d) Hierarchy of needs theory e) ERG theory
b) Equity theory
12. Which of the following needs did Maslow describe as higher-order needs? a) Esteem, social, and safety b) Self-actualization and esteem c) Safety, self-actualization, and social d) Social and esteem e) Self-actualization and physiological
b) Self-actualization and esteem
17. Leslie strives to maintain strong interpersonal relationships. She is a member of a book club, a sewing club, and a tennis club because she enjoys feeling a sense of belonging. According to Maslow, Leslie is driven by which these needs? a) Self-actualization b) Social c) Esteem d) Safety e) Physiological
b) Social
59. Research on subconscious goal motivation was conducted by __________. a) Abraham Maslow b) Stajkovic, Locke, and Blair c) David McClelland d) Clayton Alderfer e) Frederick Herzberg
b) Stajkovic, Locke, and Blair
19. Social needs tend to take on higher importance in __________. a) individualistic societies b) collectivist societies c) protective societies d) large-size societies e) wealthy societies
b) collectivist societies
7. Process theories of motivation focus on __________. a) how a person will respond to types of leadership direction b) how cognitive processes as thoughts and decisions within the minds of people influence their behavior c) when a person will react to specific management styles d) who will be a more appropriate manager for an employee e) what work environment will suit an employee's personality better
b) how cognitive processes as thoughts and decisions within the minds of people influence their behavior
53. According to expectancy theory, managers can influence workers' __________ by clarifying performance-reward relationships and confirming these relationships when rewards are actually given for performance accomplishments. a) expectancies b) instrumentalities c) reinforcers d) valences e) inducements
b) instrumentalities
30. According to McClelland, it is __________. a) not possible to teach people to develop need profiles required for success in different jobs b) possible to teach people to develop need profiles required for success in different jobs c) an employee's responsibility to teach their managers of personal need profiles required for success in different jobs d) an employee's responsibility to request that their managers develop need profiles required for success in different jobs e) an employee's responsibility to develop need profiles required for success in their respective manager's jobs
b) possible to teach people to develop need profiles required for success in different jobs
42. The basic foundation of equity theory is __________. a) reinforcement b) social comparison c) valence d) goal setting e) jointly setting goals
b) social comparison
2. In the context of motivation, level refers to __________. a) the length of time a person sticks with a given action b) the amount of effort a person puts forth c) an individual's choice when presented with a number of possible alternatives d) the different needs that an individual is trying to satisfy e) the consequences of an individual's behavior
b) the amount of effort a person puts forth
49. According to expectancy theory, the value the individual attaches to various work outcomes is known as __________. a) expectancy b) valence c) instrumentality d) interactional justice e) equity
b) valence
21. Which of the following comparisons of Alderfer's ERG theory and Maslow's needs hierarchy is correct? a) ERG theory collapses Maslow's five need levels into two need categories. b) ERG theory includes a frustration-digression component, but Maslow's theory does not. c) ERG theory contends that more than one need may be activated at a particular point in time, whereas Maslow's theory does not. d) ERG theory provides a timeline for action, but Maslow's theory does not. e) ERG theory focuses on the consequences of an individual's behavior, whereas Maslow's theory does not.
c) ERG theory contends that more than one need may be activated at a particular point in time, whereas Maslow's theory does not.
20. Which of the following needs are addressed in ERG theory? a) Expectations, relationships, and goals b) Equity, reinforcers, and goals c) Existence, relatedness, and growth d) Existence, relatedness, and goals e) Esteem, relationships, and growth
c) Existence, relatedness, and growth
15. Research on Maslow's needs hierarchy suggests which of the following statements to be true? a) Lower-order needs become more important as individuals move up the corporate ladder. b) Higher-order needs become less important as individuals move up the corporate ladder. c) Higher-order needs become more important as individuals move up the corporate ladder. d) Higher and lower-order needs become equally important as individuals move up the corporate ladder. e) Higher and lower-order needs become less important as individuals move up the corporate ladder.
c) Higher-order needs become more important as individuals move up the corporate ladder.
46. Which one of the following statements about the application and/or implications of equity theory is NOT accurate? a) What may seem fair and equitable to a team leader might be perceived as unfair and inequitable by a team member after comparisons are made with other team members. b) Feelings of inequity are determined solely by the individual's interpretation of the situation. c) People who feel they are overpaid tend to decrease the quantity or quality of their work, whereas people who feel they are underpaid tend to increase the quantity or quality of their work. d) People are less comfortable when they are under-rewarded than when they are over-rewarded. e) In collectivist cultures, people seem to be more concerned about equality than equity.
c) People who feel they are overpaid tend to decrease the quantity or quality of their work, whereas people who feel they are underpaid tend to increase the quantity or quality of their work.
13. Which of the following needs did Maslow describe as lower-order needs? a) Social, esteem, and self-actualization b) Esteem, social, and safety c) Physiological, safety, and social d) Esteem and physiological e) Safety and self-actualization
c) Physiological, safety, and social
10. In Maslow's needs hierarchy, __________ needs must be satisfied before __________ needs are activated, and __________ needs must be satisfied before __________ needs are activated, and so on. a) Physiological; esteem; social; safety b) Physiological; social; esteem; safety c) Physiological; safety; social, esteem d) Esteem; safety; esteem; social e) Self-actualization; esteem; safety; social
c) Physiological; safety; social, esteem
22. According to Alderfer's ERG theory, which needs reflect a desire for satisfying interpersonal relationships? a) Existence b) Esteem c) Relatedness d) Self-actualization e) Growth
c) Relatedness
26. Mike has always been driven by the need to work more efficiently, solve problems, and master complex tasks. According to McClelland, Mike is classified as driven by a need for: a) power. b) safety. c) achievement. d) affiliation. d) none of the above.
c) achievement.
29. According to McClelland, someone who is drawn to interpersonal relationships and opportunities for communication has a high need for __________. a) achievement b) self esteem c) affiliation d) power e) relatedness
c) affiliation
1. In the context of motivation, direction refers to __________. a) the length of time a person sticks with a given action b) the amount of effort a person puts forth c) an individual's choice when presented with a number of possible alternatives d) the different needs that an individual is trying to satisfy e) the consequences of an individual's behavior
c) an individual's choice when presented with a number of possible alternatives
18. Use of Maslow's needs hierarchy __________. a) is not pertinent for cultures outside of the United States b) should be consistent across different cultures c) can vary across cultures d) is more effective in non-United States cultures e) is not commonly used outside of the United States
c) can vary across cultures
32. In the two-factor theory of motivation, __________ are associated with the job context, such as working conditions, interpersonal relations, organizational policies, and salary. a) existence factors b) satisfier factors c) hygiene factors d) affiliation factors e) relatedness factors
c) hygiene factors
38. Herzberg recommends building motivators into job content by using __________. a) pay b) improved working conditions c) job enrichment d) hygiene factors e) Maslow's hierarchy of needs
c) job enrichment
24. The ERG theory contends that __________. a) only one need may be activated at the same time b) only two needs may be activated at the same time c) more than one need may be activated at the same time d) all three needs may not be activated at the same time e) less than two needs must be activated at the same time
c) more than one need may be activated at the same time
47. The degree to which the rules and procedures specified by policies are properly followed in all cases to which they are applied is known as __________. a) distributive justice b) instrumentality c) procedural justice d) interactional justice e) organizational justice
c) procedural justice
14. All of the following descriptions of Maslow's needs hierarchy are correct EXCEPT: a) research evidence suggests that the needs in Maslow's hierarchy exist in a flexible rather than rigid order. b) the five need levels may vary according to a person's career stage, the size of the organization, or geographical location. c) the satisfaction of a need at one level will always decrease its importance and increase the importance of the next lower need. d) the order of needs in the hierarchy may differ across cultures. e) social needs tend to be dominant in more collectivist societies.
c) the satisfaction of a need at one level will always decrease its importance and increase the importance of the next lower need.
57. If the average worker can produce 15 widgets an hour, which goal is likely to lead to the best performance? a) 10 b) 15 c) Do your best d) 18 e) 30
d) 18
40. Which theory is based on the phenomenon of social comparison which states that people will act to eliminate any perceived inequity in the rewards they receive for their work in comparison with the rewards that others receive? a) Acquired needs b) ERG c) Expectancy d) Equity e) Reinforcement
d) Equity
11. Which of the following is the correct order of Maslow's needs from the lowest (lower-order need) to the highest (higher-order need)? a) Safety, social, physiological, esteem, and self-actualization b) Esteem, safety, social, physiological, and self-actualization c) Social, esteem, self-actualization, physiological, and safety d) Physiological, safety, social, esteem, and self-actualization e) Physiological, social, safety, self-actualization, and esteem
d) Physiological, safety, social, esteem, and self-actualization
51. The expectancy theory of motivation predicts that a person will be motivated to work hard when __________. a) expectancy is high and instrumentality and valence are low b) instrumentality is high and expectancy and valence are low c) valence is high and expectancy and instrumentality are low d) expectancy, instrumentality, and valence are all high e) expectancy or instrumentality or valence equals zero
d) expectancy, instrumentality, and valence are all high
44. According to equity theory, __________ exists when an individual feels that he or she has received relatively more than others have received. a) positive inequity b) equity c) assumed positive inequity d) felt positive inequity e) interactional justice
d) felt positive inequity
56. The process of developing, negotiating, and formalizing the targets or objectives that a person is responsible for accomplishing is known as __________. a) MBO b) equity c) expectancy d) goal setting e) motivation
d) goal setting
36. According to Herzberg's two-factor theory, __________ factors are the sources of job satisfaction. a) subsistence b) hygiene c) teachable d) motivator e) inducement
d) motivator
28. According to McClelland, someone who seeks influence over others and likes attention has a high need for __________. a) achievement b) self esteem c) affiliation d) power e) relatedness
d) power
9. Since content theories suggest that motivation results from individual needs, managers should __________. a) apply motivation techniques that apply to most employees b) use the same motivation techniques for every situation c) change their motivational techniques annually to stay abreast of employee needs d) understand individual employee needs and create work environments that respond to them e) test motivation techniques in a few work situations for general use
d) understand individual employee needs and create work environments that respond to them
34. According to the two-factor theory of motivation, all of the following are sources of job satisfaction EXCEPT: a) opportunity for advancement. b) sense of achievement. c) sense of responsibility. d) working conditions. e) feeling of personal growth.
d) working conditions.
16. As a manager at Icon International, Nicole is driven by a personal sense of competence, respect from others, and recognition through various awards. According to Maslow, Nicole is driven by which of these needs? a) Safety b) Physiological c) Self-actualization d) Social e) Esteem
e) Esteem
23. According to Alderfer, which needs reflect a desire for continued personal development? a) Existence b) Esteem c) Relatedness d) Self-actualization e) Growth
e) Growth
35. Which of the following statements accurately describes Herzberg's hygiene factors? a) Hygiene factors include achievement and recognition. b) Hygiene factors refer to job content. c) Hygiene factors do not prevent job dissatisfaction from occurring. d) Hygiene factors contribute to job satisfaction. e) Hygiene factors include working conditions, interpersonal relations, organizational policies, and salary.
e) Hygiene factors include working conditions, interpersonal relations, organizational policies, and salary.
60. Which of the following statements about goal setting is INCORRECT? a) Specific goals are more likely to lead to higher performance than are no goals or vague or very general ones. b) Task feedback, or knowledge of results, is likely to motivate people toward higher performance by encouraging the setting of higher performance goals. c) Goals are most likely to lead to higher performance when people have the abilities and the feelings of self-efficacy required to accomplish them. d) Goals are most likely to motivate people toward higher performance when they are accepted and there is commitment to them. e) Less difficult goals are more likely to lead to higher performance than are more difficult goals.
e) Less difficult goals are more likely to lead to higher performance than are more difficult goals.
5. Content theories include all of the following theories EXCEPT: a) Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory. b) Alderfer's ERG theory. c) McClelland's acquired needs theory. d) Herzberg's two-factor theory. e) Locke and Latham's goal setting theory.
e) Locke and Latham's goal setting theory.
37. Which of the following statements does NOT accurately describe motivator factors in the two-factor theory? a) Motivator factors are related to job content. b) Motivator factors include a sense of achievement, recognition, and responsibility. c) Motivator factors involve what people actually do in their jobs. d) The presence of motivator factors in a job contributes to a person's job performance. e) The absence of motivator factors causes job dissatisfaction.
e) The absence of motivator factors causes job dissatisfaction.
61. MBO is __________. a) management by objectives b) a process of joint goal setting between a supervisor and a subordinate c) a process that helps clarify the hierarchy of objectives d) a process that extends participation of establishing goals to jointly evaluating them e) all of the above
e) all of the above
52. According to expectancy theory, motivation to work hard will be low when __________. a) expectancy is low b) valence is low c) instrumentality is low d) instrumentality or expectancy is low e) either expectancy, instrumentality, or valence is low
e) either expectancy, instrumentality, or valence is low
62. Management by objectives is criticized for placing too much emphasis on all of the following EXECPT: a) goal-oriented rewards. b) goal-oriented punishments. c) top-down goals. d) goals that are easily stated in objective terms. e) group instead of individual goals.
e) group instead of individual goals.
31. All of the following statements describe hygiene factors in the two-factor theory EXCEPT: a) hygiene factors are associated with the job context or work setting. b) hygiene factors are sources of job dissatisfaction. c) hygiene factors involve the work setting or the environment in which people work. d) improving hygiene factors will prevent people from being dissatisfied. e) improving hygiene factors will make people satisfied with their work.
e) improving hygiene factors will make people satisfied with their work.
4. Content theories attempt to explain work behaviors based on __________. a) the relationship between values and attitudes b) the impact of individual ethics on business decisions c) personality-linked relationships d) perceptions on-the-job e) pathways to need satisfaction and the influence of blocked needs
e) pathways to need satisfaction and the influence of blocked needs
45. A person can resolve perceived negative inequity by doing all of the following EXCEPT: a) reducing work inputs. b) changing the outcomes received. c) leaving the situation. d) psychologically distorting the comparisons. e) working longer hours.
e) working longer hours.
25. Which of the following content theories of motivation is associated with the needs for achievement, affiliation, and power? a) Acquired needs theory b) Hierarchy of needs theory c) Two-factor theory d) Motivation-hygiene theory e) ERG theory
a) Acquired needs theory
6. Which of the following is classified as a content theory? a) ERG theory b) Expectancy theory c) Goal-setting theory d) Equity theory e) All of the above
a) ERG theory
41. All of the following statements about the equity theory of motivation are correct EXCEPT: a) It is a content theory of motivation. b) It is best known through the work of J. Stacy Adams. c) Its essence is that perceived inequity is a motivating state. d) It holds that people try to resolve the inequities they perceive they are experiencing. e) It holds that people who feel underpaid will reduce their work efforts to compensate for missing rewards.
a) It is a content theory of motivation.
50. Which equation correctly reflects Vroom's expectancy theory of motivation? a) Motivation = expectancy X instrumentality X valence b) Motivation = expectancy X equity X rewards c) Motivation = expectancy + equity + rewards d) Motivation = expectancy X rewards X valence e) Motivation = expectancy + rewards + valence
a) Motivation = expectancy X instrumentality X valence
27. Which statement about acquired needs theory is correct? a) People with a high need for achievement prefer individual responsibilities, challenging goals, and performance feedback. b) People with a high need for power are drawn to interpersonal relationships and opportunities for communication. c) People with a high need for affiliation like attention and recognition. d) People with a high need for achievement will also have a high need for affiliation. e) People with a low need for achievement will also have a low need for affiliation.
a) People with a high need for achievement prefer individual responsibilities, challenging goals, and performance feedback.
55. Which of the following reflects concerns with expectancy theory? a) The multiplier effect is still in question. b) It fails to help explain any cross-cultural management situations. c) Little research has been conducted. d) The research can only be replicated with the original method. e) It is too culture bound.
a) The multiplier effect is still in question.
39. Which of the following is a limitation of Herzberg's two-factor theory? a) The theory may be method bound. b) The theory has been scientifically verified with methods other than the original. c) The theory does not account for regression. d) The theory links motivation and needs to both satisfaction and performance. e) The theory fails and does not clearly categorize salary.
a) The theory may be method bound.
58. A key finding of the Locke and Latham goal-setting research is that __________. a) difficult goals lead to higher performance than "do your best" or easy goals b) difficult goals frustrate workers c) performance is higher with easy goals d) specific goals lead to lower performance e) subconscious goals and conscious goals are not linked
a) difficult goals lead to higher performance than "do your best" or easy goals
48. The degree to which all people are treated the same under a policy is known as __________. a) distributive justice b) instrumentality c) procedural justice d) interactional justice e) organizational justice
a) distributive justice
54. According to expectancy theory, managers can influence workers' __________ by selecting people with proper abilities, training them well, providing them the needed resources, and identifying clear performance goals. a) expectancies b) instrumentalities c) reinforcers d) valences e) inducements
a) expectancies
43. According to equity theory, __________ exists when an individual feels that he or she has received relatively less than others have received in proportion to work inputs. a) felt negative inequity b) perceived positive inequity c) internalized negative inequity d) tacit negative inequity e) assumed negative inequity
a) felt negative inequity
3. In the context of motivation, persistence refers to __________. a) the length of time a person sticks with a given action b) the amount of effort a person puts forth c) an individual's choice when presented with a number of possible alternatives d) the different needs that an individual is trying to satisfy e) the consequences of an individual's behavior
a) the length of time a person sticks with a given action
33. According to the two-factor theory of motivation, all of the following are sources of job dissatisfaction EXCEPT: a) work itself. b) organizational policies and administration. c) supervision. d) working conditions. e) base wage or salary.
a) work itself.