chapter 6
Which of the following is an example of a fixed interval reinforcement schedule?
taking your dog to the park every afternoon at 4:00 p.m.
Dimitri and Rita eat some donuts for breakfast and then spend the morning at an amusement park. After a few hours of riding the Super Looper Double Twist Dimitri feels nauseous and regurgitates the donuts. Rita is fine, but Dimitri has developed a ________, and the next time they stop for donuts, Dimitri immediately feels ill.
taste aversion
In classical conditioning, the ________ is an unlearned reaction to a given stimulus. For example, if you have an allergy to pollen and sneeze, sneezing is an unlearned reaction to the pollen (i.e., the stimulus).
unconditioned response
Which of the following is true about John B. Watson?
He is considered the founder of behaviorism.
According to Albert Bandura, ________.
Learning can occur by watching others and modeling what they do or say.
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Spontaneous acquisition is the return of a previously extinguished conditioned response.
The word "acquisition" should be changed to the word "recovery."
Kieran is attempting to condition a parrot to greet him when he enters the room. He repeatedly pairs his entry to the room with a treat for the parrot. Kieran can say that ________ has occurred as soon as the parrot greets him in response to his entry.
acquisition
Which of the following is an example of instinct: unlearned knowledge that involves complex patterns of behavior?
baby seeking food by rooting and suckling
Which of the following is a process by which we learn to associate stimuli and, consequently, to anticipate events?
classical conditioning
When an organism receives a reinforcer each time it displays a behavior, it is called________ reinforcement.
continuous
In ________ conditioning, an established conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus.
higher order
Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ________ learning.
latent
In operant conditioning, ________ is when something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior.
negative reinforcement
Dymesha watches her older sister do headstands. Dymesha falls over when she attempts to do a headstand herself. She watches her older sister more carefully, and she notices that her sister leans backward slightly to complete her headstand. Dymesha is then able to do headstands herself. Which type of learning is this?
observational
Hideki tells a lie and is grounded. He does this several times, finally learning that his behavior (lying) is associated with a consequence (being grounded). Which kind of learning is this?
operant conditioning
________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities.
primary
Which of the following experiments involves the use of operant conditioning?
rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal mush and counting how many times the child needs to be rewarded before he finishes his oatmeal voluntarily
If a slamming door is a conditioned stimulus, then being able to distinguish between the sound of a slamming door and the sound of a heavy item being dropped would represent ________.
stimulus discrimination
Kerry is conditioned to fear strawberries. Raspberries are similar to strawberries, and even though no attempt was made to make Kerry fear raspberries, she reacts with fear when she sees them. This is an example of ________.
stimulus generalization
Which of the following is an example of vicarious reinforcement?
Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it.