Chapter 6
What does Epinephrine stimulate?
all adrenergic receptors and relaxes smooth muscles
Beta Adrenergic Blockers- Therapeutic
at a therapeutic dose, the selective beta blockers block only beta 1 receptors. At higher doses, the selective beta-blockers begin to block beta 2 receptors
What are some functions of adrenergic drugs ( Agonists)
Increases BP Stimulates the heart Produce bronchodilation
Antagonist
interferes from producing an effect (BLOCKS)
The Main Pharmacologic effect of norepinerphrine on Alpha 1 receptors is A) Increased heart rate B) Bronchodilation C) Vasoconstriction D) Contraction of urinary bladder
C) Vasoconstriction ( INCREASE BP)
The actions of epinerphrine include which of the following. A) Bronchodilation B)Vasoconstriciton C) Relaxation of uterus D) Increased heart rate E) All of the above
E) ALL OF THE ABOVE
What is Beta 2 receptor stimulated by?
Epinephrine
Where is Epinephrine released?
Into the blood stream and acts like a hormone
Neurotransmitter norepinephrine binds to?
Its adrenergic receptor (Alpha 1, Beta 2, or 1)
Sympathetic produces what kind of an effect
Pupils dilate heart rate increases digestion decrease GI Slows down Increases breathing
Alpha Adrenergic Drug increase ( SANS) (non-specific- angoinst) clinical effects
Stimulation of the alpha 1 receptor. Causes contraction of smooth muscles: most blood vessels, contraction of sphincter muscles in the GI and urinary tract, contraction of ocular muscles to cause dilation or pupils of the eyes.
What is another name for adrenergic blockers (antagonists)
Sympatholytic
Alpha Adrenergic blocking- Blockers
Used to treat hypertension also used in poor blood flow to the skin and extremities ( constriction) in Raynuad's disease. Alpha blocking drugs relaxes the smooth muscles of the ureter, which improves urination.
Agonist
activates a response or drug action
what are some adervse effects of beta adrenergic drugs?
beta drugs may produce CNS simulation resulting in restlessness, tremors, or anxiety. The main adverse effect is over stimulation of the heart, which may result in palpitations or other cardiac arryhythmias. These drugs are used in extreme caution in patients with simulate beta 2 receptors: dilate the blood vessels of skeletal muscles. This can lower blood pressure but rarely results in hypertension. When used to stop premature labor it can cause a variety of cardiovascular effects and complications
Alpha Adrenergic Blocking drug ( Non-specific) (Antagonist)
compete with NE and EPI for binding to the alpha adrenergic receptors. Normal sympathetic activity is decrease in organs that have alpha receptos. Main pharmacolgic effect of alpha blockers is to cause relaxation of smooth muscle.
When is Apha 1 receptors stimulated?
contraction of: arteries, veins, and sphincters
Beta 2 Adrenergic drugs stimulate what?
dilate the blood vessels of skeletal muscles. This can lower blood pressure but rarely results in hypertension. When used to stop premature labor it can cause a variety of cardiovascular effects and complication
What are some adverse effects of Alpha adrenergic drug increase (SANS)
excessive vasoconstriction of blood causing increase BP and hypertensive crisis. Most common side effect of decongestants excessive dryness with eyes and nasal cavity
What are some adverse effect of Beta 1 blockers (antagonist)?
nausea and diarrhea. Some can cause heart function to be excessively reduced (bradycardia). Should not be used in patients with asthma or other respiratory conditions.- they need an increase in heart rate not decrease If the dose is high enough it can block beta 2 receptor sites which causes bronchoconstriction The decrease in heart function is due to the antagonist/ blockers: they decrease or interfere with the drug
Where is Alpha 1 receptors found?
smooth muscles of arteries, veins and sphincters of urinary and GI
Where is Beta 2 receptor found? 2 lungs
smooth muscles of coronary and bronchial smooth muscles (lungs)
Where are Beta 1 receptors found? 1 heart
smooth muscles= heart
What are the clinical indication of Alpha adrenergic drug increase (SANS)
used for example after surgery to increase blood pressure and maintain circulation. Vasoconstrition ( the constriction of blood vessels, which increases blood pressure.) of blood vessels in mucous membranes of the nasal sinuses produce a decongestant effect
Alpha Adrenergic blocking- adverse Effect
when one division of the ANS is blocked (sympathetic) is causes the other division ( parasympathetic) to increases activity are examples. In some cases patients might have hypertension(HIGH BP) and fainting when first using alpha blockers.
What is another name for Adrenergic drugs (Agonists)
Sympathomimetics drugs "mimicking"
What are some beta adrenergic drugs effects?
the most important actions of beta drugs are stimulation of the heart (beta 1) and bronchodilation ( Beta 2). Used for asthma. Beta 2 drugs are used to relax uterine smooth muscles during premature labor
Which of the following are actions of nonselective beta-adrenergic blocking drugs. A) Decreasing heart rate B) Decreasing force of myocardial contraction C) Vasoconstriction of Skeletal muscle blood vessels D) lowering of blood pressure E) All of these
All of these
What are the two adrenergic receptor types?
Alpha - 1 &2 Beta- 1 & 2
Epinephrine Stimulates A) Alpha-1 receptors B) Alpha-2 Receptors C) Beta-1 receptors D) Beta 2 receptors E) All of these
All of these
Blocks with alpha 1- ex: constipation
Antagonist
Beta Adrenergic drugs (non-specific- agonist) stimulates what?
Beta receptors
What are Beta 2 Adrenergic Drugs used for? (agonist)
Bronchodilation ( beta 2). Used for asthma. Beta-2 drugs are used to relax uterine smooth muscles during premature labor.
What do adrenergic Blockers (Anatgonists) do?
Decreases sympathetic activity
What happens when Beta 2 is stimulated?
Dilation relaxes smooth muscles- brocholdilation increases air into the blood
What is Alpha 1 receptors stimulated by?
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
What is Beta 1 stimulated by?
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
What happens when Beta 1 is stimulated?
Increase in heart rate and force of contracting
What do Adrenergic drugs (Agonists) do?
Increase sympathetic activity
What are some functions of adrenergic blockers (Antagonists)?
Lower BP Reduce cardiac stimulation
Can Norpinephrine relax smooth muscles ?
No
Adrenergic receptors receive what neurotransmitters?
Norepinephrine and Epienphrine
Why would Epinerphrine relax smooth muscles? Shouldn't the person be " freaking out"?
When smooth muscles such as the respiratory muscles it promotes bronchdilation. fight or flight needs more oxygen passing into the lungs
Works with alpha 1 - ex: patient with diarrhea
agonist
Beta 1 Blockers (antagonist) is used to treat what?
angina pectorism hypertension, and various cardiac arrhythmia. = HEART DISEASE Also used to treat cardiac heart failure, where decreasing excessive sympathetic activity slows the heart rate and appears to decrease the risk of sudden death. also used for treatment of glaucoma ( decreases intracular pressure) treatment of migration headaches BETA 1= 1)SMOOTH MUSCLE 2) INCREASES HEART RATE BETA 1 BLOCKER: BLOCKS THE INCREASE IN HEART RATE = DECREASE/ SLOWS DOWN: HEART RATE, SUDDEN DEATH, CARDIAC HEART FAILURE
What is the clinical use for Beta Adrenergic Blockers (antagonist)
to decrease the activity of the heart. Blockage of beta 1 receptors produces a decrease in heart rate, force of contraction, and impulse conduction. Useful for patients with fast heart rates tachycardia, cardiac arrhythmia and other cardiac conditions. Also used to treat hypertension ( HIGH BP) There are no specific therapeutic indications for blocking the beta 2 receptor
