Chapter 6 & 7: bone & axial (12)

_________ is the output (result) in response to high blood calcium levels. A. Calcitonin B. Parathyroid (PTH) hormone C. Osteoblast D. Osteoclast

Calcitonin

c) C

Which labeled structures in the figure above are canaliculi? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E

b) B

Which labeled structures in the figure are lamellae? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E

Which two minerals are needed in large quantities when bones are growing? a) calcium and chlorine b) magnesium and sulfur c) calcium and phosphorous d) manganese and sulfur e) potassium and phosphorous

calcium and phosphorous

What are the extracellular fluid filled extensions of the lacunae called? a) interosteonic (perforating) canals b) osteonic (Haversian) canals c) concentric lamellae d) canaliculi

canaliculi

Which of the following bones is NOT part of the axial skeleton? a) hyoid b) ribs c) vertebrae d) carpals e) sternum

carpals

Bones in the following area protect the brain. a) cranium b) vertebral column c) sacrum d) facial e) ribcage

cranium

PTH will increase _______activity while Calcitonin will decrease __________activity. a) Osteoblast; osteoclast b) Osteoclast; osteoblast c) Osteoblast; osteoblast d) Osteoclast; osteoclast

d) osteoclast, osteoclast

The shaft of a long bone is the a) diaphysis. b) epiphysis. c) metaphysis. d) periosteum. e) medullary cavity.

diaphysis

The cells active in fracture repair during the production of the hard (spongy bone) callus. a) fibroblasts b) osteoclasts c) osteocytes d) osteoblasts e) chondroblasts

osteoblasts

What type of bone cell secretes collagen fibers? a) osteoblasts b) osteoblasts c) osteocytes d) osteoprogenitor cells

osteoblasts

Osteoclasts __________ in response to PTH. A. Decrease absorption of calcium B. Increase absorption of calcium C. Release calcium to enter blood D. Release Parathyroid (PTH) hormone to enter blood

release calcium to enter blood

Which of the following bones is part of the axial skeleton? a) tarsals b) tibia c) sphenoid d) scapula e) clavicle

sphenoid

An opening or hole in a bone through which blood vessels, nerves and ligaments pass is called a a) fissure. b) foramen. c) fossa. d) meatus. e) sulcus

foramen

Which type of fracture is considered a partial fracture and is only seen in children? a) open b) comminuted c) impacted d) greenstick e) stress

greenstick

Which bone cell transports nutrients and wastes through tiny canals radiating from the lacunae? a) osteoblasts b) osteoblasts c) osteocytes d) osteoprogenitor cells

osteocytes

An archeologist and an anthropologist are studying two skeletons from an ancient tomb that had apparently been looted in an earlier time. Both skeletons are females, and both are approximately the same height. However, the anthropologist is certain that one skeleton is the remains of someone from the privileged class while the other skeleton is the remains of a servant or slave. How could the anthropologist be so sure of the economic status of the individuals based solely on their skeletal remains?

A person who is from the privileged class probably has better nutrition but doesn't have to do as much physical labor (exercise) as a person from the servant or slave class. The anthropologist probably notes a difference in bone density in the two skeletons—especially on parts of bones where muscles attached. The skeleton of the servant probably has more density than the skeleton of the privileged class at those points. It is also possible that the servant suffered from malnutrition during life. If so, her skeleton might show evidence of rickets or osteopenia.

Which statements describe spongy bone? A. Composed of trabeculae and gaps filled with marrow. B. Made up of osteons C. Maintains strength with light weight. D. Has the same purpose structurally as compact bone. E. Has lamellae, osteocytes, lacunae and canaliculi.

A. Composed of trabeculae and gaps filled with marrow. C. Maintains strength with light weight. E. Has lamellae, osteocytes, lacunae and canaliculi.

Which of the following are functions of the skeletal system? Select all that apply. A. Support and Protection B. Thermoregulation and Vitamin D production C. Assistance in movement and Mineral homeostasis D. Blood cell production and Triglyceride storage E. Osmotic balance and Communication

A. Support and Protection C. Assistance in movement and Mineral homeostasis D. Blood cell production and Triglyceride storage

Jamie has a tumor of the parathyroid glands that causes a hypersecretion of PTH from these glands. Predict the effect this hypersecretion would have on the skeletal system and on the secretion of calcitonin from the thyroid gland.

High levels of PTH would cause high levels of osteoclast activity, thus removing calcium from bones. Bones would become weak and soft. Excess phosphate would be lost from the kidneys. High levels of calcium ions in blood may disrupt nerve and muscle function. Calcitonin levels would probably be high, trying to restore homeostasis by increasing deposition of calcium into bone.

Describe the signs and symptoms of osteoporosis and describe the risk factors for developing osteoporosis.

In osteoporosis, bone resorption outpaces bone deposition so that bone mass is depleted, sometimes to the point of spontaneous fracture. Pain and height loss may occur as vertebrae shrink. Postmenopausal women are especially at risk due to dramatically reduced estrogen levels after menopause. Family history may play a role, as does ethnicity (white and Asian women have a higher rate of disease), inactivity, cigarette smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and a diet low in calcium and vitamin D.

b) c

In the diagram, what bone is considered the strongest? a) A b) C c) D d) E e) F

c) C

In which region of the diagram would yellow bone marrow be located? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E

Briefly describe the major differences between compact and spongy bone.

Spongy bone is light, which reduces the overall weight of a bone so that it moves more readily when pulled by a skeletal muscle. The trabeculae of spongy bone tissue support and protect the red bone marrow. Compact bone, usually found in the exterior of bone, is heavy and dense and made up of osteons. Its function is to resist breakage and provide support of the body.

Briefly, explain how blood calcium level is regulated

When blood Ca2+ levels drop, PTH is secreted from the parathyroid glands. PTH increases the activity of osteoclasts to increase bone resorption, which ultimately increases Ca2+ in blood. PTH also acts on the kidneys to prevent Ca2+ loss in the urine. PTH also stimulates the production of calcitriol, which acts on the GI tract to increase absorption of Ca2+ from the intestinal lining. When blood Ca2+ level increases, it causes the synthesis and release of calcitonin from the thyroid gland. Calcitonin inhibits osteoclasts and stimulates osteoblastic activity to increase Ca2+ deposition into bones which promotes bone formation.

b) A & B

Where in the diagram can you find red bone marrow in an adult? a) A b) A and B c) A and C d) C

e) F

Where in the diagram is dense irregular connective tissue located? a) B b) C c) D d) E e) F

e) G

Which of the labeled structures in the diagram are composed of trabeculae, which are bony structures that lack osteons? a) B b) C c) D d) F e) G

Which statement describes blood calcium levels accurately? a) Blood calcium levels increase when bone breaks down, and decreases when bone is built. b) Blood calcium levels decrease when bone breaks down, and increases when bone is built. c) Blood calcium levels remain constant regardless of whether bone is built or broken down.

a) Blood calcium levels increase when bone breaks down, and decreases when bone is built.

If collagen is removed from bone, what happens to the bone? Choose the best answer. a) The bone becomes stiff and brittle. b) The bone becomes soft and flexible. c) The bone shows no noticeable difference.

a) the bone becomes stiff and brittle

The ______is composed of hyaline cartilage and reduces friction between bones involved in a joint. a) periosteum b) distal epiphysis c) epiphyseal line d) articular cartilage e) epiphyseal plate

articular cartilage

What statements describe osteoblasts? Select all that apply. a) Bone resorbing cells b) Bone building cells c) Active when blood calcium levels are high d) PTH causes these cells to become more active e) Over activity can contribute to hypocalcemia

b) Bone building cells c) Active when blood calcium levels are high e) Over activity can contribute to hypocalcemia

Osteoporosis is most common in elderly women because of the lack of __, which would inhibit ___. a) hGH; osteoclast activity b) estrogen; osteoclast activity c) IGFs; chondrocyte activity d) PTH; osteoblast activity e) Calcitonin; osteoclast activity

b) estrogen; osteoclast activity

Which of the following is the correct sequence of steps in the repair of a bone fracture? a) fracture hematoma, bony callus formation, fibrocartilaginous callus formation, bone remodeling b) fibrocartilaginous callus formation, bony callus formation, fracture hematoma, bone remodeling c) bony callus formation, fracture hematoma, fibrocartilaginous callus formation, bone remodeling d) bone remodeling, fracture hematoma, fibrocartilaginous callus formation, bony callus formation e) fracture hematoma, fibrocartilaginous callus formation, bony callus formation, bone remodeling

e) fracture hematoma, fibrocartilaginous callus formation, bony callus formation, bone remodeling

Which region of a long bone articulates with other bones? a) diaphysis b) epiphysis c) proximal metaphysis d) epiphyseal plate e) distal metaphysis

epiphysis

Which of the following is a cranial bone that is located anterior to the sphenoid and posterior to the nasal bones and contains foramina for the olfactory cranial nerve? a) ethmoid b) frontal c) palatine d) maxilla e) temporal

ethamoid

Which of the following types of bone is the occipital bone? a) long bone b) short bone c) flat bone d) irregular bone e) sesamoid bone

flat bone

A rounded articular projection supported on a constricted portion (neck) of a bone is called a a) foramen. b) condyle. c) tuberosity. d) head. e) trochanter.

head

Which facial bone articulates with teeth? a) lacrimal b) palatine c) vomer d) maxillae e) nasal

maxillae

Which of the following is NOT a facial bone? a) vomer b) palatine c) lacrimal d) occipital e) mandible

occipital

This cell is active once the matrix of bone calcifies. The cells sit in a lacunae. a) osteoprogenitor cells b) osteoclasts c) osteocytes d) osteoblasts e) chondroblasts

osteocyte

Bone mass reduction is promoted by which hormone? a) calcitriol b) calcitonin c) human growth hormone d) parathyroid hormone e) insulin

parathyroid hormone

Which of the following is NOT a facial bone? a) parietal b) nasal c) maxillae d) zygomatic e) palatine

parietal

What area of long bone is composed of dense irregular connective tissue and osteogenic cells? a) periosteum b) endosteum c) medullary cavity

periosteum

Which of the following cranial bones contains the organs of hearing and balance, and articulate with the mandible? a) frontal b) temporal c) parietal d) occipital e) sphenoid

temporal

Which of the following is NOT true of surface markings on bone? a) They allow the passage of nerves and blood vessels. b) They provide sites of attachment for muscles. c) They allow bones to shorten or lengthen. d) They help form joints. e) They can be depressions or projections.

they allow bones to shorten or lengthen