Chapter 6 Ant

Which plant demonstrates attributes associated with plant domestication? a. Maize plants that are dispersed by deer and birds. b. A raspberry bush that has large thorns and scattered berries. c. Potatoes that have a long dormancy period before they begin sprouting eyes. d. An apple tree with large fruit that ripen simultaneously.

d. An apple tree with large fruit that ripen simultaneously. Page 129

Upper Palaeolithic

Starting: 40000 Correlating:Homo Sapiens ending:12000 Also know as: Old Stone Age

Neolithic

Starting:10,000 Ending: 5,000 Also Know as: New Stone Age Correlates: shift to farming in Europe

Mesolithic

Starting:12,000 Ending:10,000 Also Know as: Middle Stone Age Correlating:Climatic Chage, Advance stone-tool tech,change in diet, more maritime resources.

solutrean hypotheise

a route from Europe via North Atlantic Ocean.

The best evidence of dietary diversity comse

coprolites

4. Which of the following faunal assemblages would likely be of domesticated animals? a. An assemblage with a lower percentage of complete older male sheep skeletons. b. An assemblage with a lower percentage of young male deer skulls. c. An assemblage with a larger percentage of older female cow skeletons .d. An assemblage with a larger percentage of younger female cat femurs

.Answer: c Feedback: Domesticated assemblages tend to have more complete skeletons and a higher percentage of older females because they would usually have been eaten after they could no longer breed.

Other explanation for transition to food production is

1. foods may been domesticated to increase wealth and status 2.domesticated for making alcohol

Standard for proving proof for claiming early archaeological sites in the Americans

1.Evidence must be undisputedly cultural 2.dating has to be ndisputedly reliable

The purposed of the fluted could be

1.cause more blood loss from the animal by creating a channel for it to flow along 2.may have facilitated easier and quicker hafting to spear ponts

The reason for the numerous archaeological sites start appearing around 12,000

1.greater archaeological visibility 2.increased population

Transition to food production btween

20,000 to 5,000

Coastal Migration route

A Theory that people came down the coast of what is now Alaska and British Columbia in western Canada, using boats or walking along the coastline.

ice-free corridor route

A corridor between two large ice sheets covering most of canada. During warming trends of the last age, the two glaciers separated, creating a corridor linking beringia to the areas south.

Beringia

A large, ice-free area connecting northern Asia to northwest North America During the last ice age.

2. The Solutrean hypothesis is a. the theory that North America was first populated by European peoples who sailed across the Atlantic in early boats. b. the belief that there was once a landmass that connected northern Asia to North America. c. the theory that North America was first populated by Asian peoples who sailed down the Pacific coast in early boats. d. the belief that there was a gap between two North American glaciers during a warming period that was used to populate the continent.

Answer: a Feedback: The Solutrean hypothesis is the theory that North America was first populated by European peoples who sailed across the Atlantic and down the Atlantic coast in early boats.

Pottery was first used in a. China about 20,000 years ago. b. Japan about 15,000 years ago. c. Africa about 10,000 year ago. d. North America about 3,000 years ago.

Answer: a Feedback: The earliest use of pottery occurred in China at least 20,000 years ago.

6. Which of the following subsistence strategies tend to be correlated with semi-sedentism? a. Foraging. b. Pastoralism. c. Horticulture. d. Agriculture.

Answer: b Feedback: Pastoral societies tend to be semi-sedentary to transfer their herds to optimal gazing areas.

9. Which subsistence strategy would typically have a Big Man? a. Foraging. b. Pastoralists. c. Horticulture. d. Agriculture.

Answer: b Feedback: Pastoral societies tended to be tribes which had Big Men as formal or informal leaders.

5. Which of the following is an attribute of domestic varieties of plants? a. The colors tend to be more vibrant to make them easier to see. b. The parts used by humans tend to be larger and clustered. c. They tend to have larger thorns to prevent other animals eating them. d. They tend to ripen throughout the year to provide a constant source of food.

Answer: b Feedback: The parts of domestic varieties of plants that are used by humans tend to be larger and clustered for easier harvesting.

3. The domestication of plants is referred to as a. agriculture. b. pastoralism. c. horticulture. d. industrialization.

Answer: c Feedback: The domestication of plants is referred to as horticulture.

10. Which of the following is a popular explanation for the early adoption of domestication? a. Domestication was a natural development as humans continued to evolve. b. People who practiced domestication were healthier and lived longer. c. Domestication was a means to increase the carrying capacity of a region affected by environmental change. d. As people became more sedentary, leaders demanded this subsistence change.

Answer: c Feedback: The early transition to domestication has been attributed to the need to increase a region's carrying capacity as a response to environmental change.

8. States tend to be associated with which subsistence strategy? a. Foraging. b. Pastoralism. c. Horticulture. d. Agriculture.

Answer: d Feedback: Populations based on agriculture are typically organized as state societies.

The Archaic period refers to a. 40,000 to 12,000 years ago in Europe. b. 14,000 to 9,000 years ago in North America. c. 10,000 t0 5,000 years ago in Europe. d. 9,000 to 5,000 years ago in North America.

Answer: d Feedback: The Archaic period refers to 9,000 to 5,000 years ago in North America. Europe and North America have differing cultural periods.

Time Period: 20,000 -15,000

Domestication of dog People Colonizing in Americas increasing population growth

Cultural Periods refer in north America

PalaeoIndian and archaic

Time Period: 10,000-5,000

More people adopt food production as subsistence strategy. Significant Population Growth Social and political,writing,Civilization emerge.

pro of pottery

Simple to make :water,mixing clay and heat common matiral , cheap to make excellent containers

Domestic plants criteria

Part of plant that people are larger or clustered lost it way to for natural dispersal a genetic change loss dormancy ripen simultaneously less self-Protection such as thorns and toxins

Archaic

Period from about 9,000 to 5,000 years ago, Characterized by an on going foraging adaption

PalaeoIndian

Period in which people first arrived and settled through the time in which they were hunting large animals such as mammoths and mastodons, about 14,000 to 9,000 years ago.

identifying subsistence strategies for pastoralism and horticulture

Plant and animal in correalting with the size of settlement and population Pastoralists: little diversity in animals but high diversity plants horticulturalist:little diversity in plants but hight diveristy in animal. Live in large and permanent settlement determined their plants and animal is wild or domestic

theory regarding how North America was first populated?

The ice-free corridor. The Beringia. The Solutrean hypothesis. coastal Migration route

Time Period: 15,000-10,000

Transition to food production from foraging Megafauna(mammoth and mastodon) hunting in north America

Cultural Periods in Europe

Upper Palaeolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic, Bronze Age, Iron age

identifying subsistence strategies for foragers

Wide variety of wild plants and animals. small groups temporary settlements egalitarina often interested in determing in which season a site was used

Cuneiform

a written script on caly tablets placed in mesopotamia more then 5,000 most likely for record kepping

9. Which of the following archaeological sites would likely have been inhabited by foragers? a. A small fall camp site with the remains of a lot of local nuts and acorns. b. A large village site where there is evidence of the harvesting of large quantities of corn. c. A cabin site where a large number of sheep bones and a wide variety of local plants were found. d. A community where only cow, pig, wheat, and apples were consumed.

a. A small fall camp site with the remains of a lot of local nuts and acorns. page 128 paragraph 2 not sure

30. Why would the presence of a large number of complete animal skeletons in an assemblage be an indicator of domestication? a. Because they are harvesting and processing a large number of animals on site. b. Because pastoralists value the use of the whole animal and would not have let any part go to waste. c. Because foragers often targeted weak and injured animals who had lost a portion of their body at some point in the past. d. Because early pastoralists buried each animal individually.

a. Because they are harvesting and processing a large number of animals on site. page 130 paragraph 130

23. Which of the following statements concerning Kennewick Man is correct? a. Kennewick Man was classified as Caucasian. b. Kennewick Man is considered the earliest human skeleton recovered in North America. c. It was determined that the Kennewick Man skeleton was a hoax purposefully created by combining elements from two entirely separate skeletons. d. Kennewick Man is the only example of a pre-modern human skeleton in the Americas.

a. Kennewick Man was classified as Caucasian. page 121 table 6.3

2. Which period/framework encompasses a scenario where people were hunting mastodons in North America? a. PaleoIndian b. Archaic c. Upper Paleolithic d. Mesolithic

a. PaleoIndian Page 115 Paragraph 3

11. Which of the following is an attribute of domestic plants? a. The plant has lost its mechanism for natural dispersal and the crops tend to ripen simultaneously. b. The plant has lost its dormancy period and the flowers have become more vibrant in color. c. The plant has gained more thorns and grows faster. d. The edible part of the plant has been made smaller and sweeter.

a. The plant has lost its mechanism for natural dispersal and the crops tend to ripen simultaneously. page 129 table 6.4

37. The role of the Big Man in tribal societies was to a. maintain order and represent the village to others. b. lead raiding parties and respond to wartime duel requests. c. conduct the majority of the hunting and train the next generation. d. negotiate community disputes and select who would serve as the chief.

a. maintain order and represent the village to others. page 132 paragraph 5

13. A lifeway that revolves around animal domestication and herding is referred to as a. pastoralism. b. foraging. c. horticulture. d. bipedalism.

a. pastoralism. page 123 paragraph 4

Fluted points were no longer used

after 9,000 years ago

Civilization must have

agricultural base state level of political organization, monumental architecture least one city writing

Domestic Animals

animals are smaller find more complete skeletons in the faunal assemblage high percentage of young male in assemblage high percentage of old female in assembalge

city in terms of archaeological

at least 5,000 residents

Why does a social and political change follow a shift in food production strategies? a. Pastoralism and horticulture are more prone to raiding and warfare which require a social and political structure that can train military forces. b. A food surplus leads to a larger population that requires a more rigid and hierarchical social and political structure to be effective. c. The increased land required for agriculture requires a centralized social and political structure to determine property ownership. d. The shift away from foraging requires an organized social and political structure to provide for the underclass that is created by people who cannot adapt.

b. A food surplus leads to a larger population that requires a more rigid and hierarchical social and political structure to be effective. page 132 paragraph 2

33. Why do populations tend to increase in agricultural societies? a. Agriculture requires a large labor pool so having large families is a positive social act in the region. b. Agriculture tends to produce a food surplus that allows for a greater number of people to live in a region. c. Agricultural societies tend to be more violent and constantly raid neighboring groups for slaves. d. Agriculture has innumerable health benefits and the infant and elderly mortality rate decreases.

b. Agriculture tends to produce a food surplus that allows for a greater number of people to live in a region. page 132 paragraph 6

22. Which of the following is not a reason why claims of sites earlier than 20,000 years old in North America are considered unreliable? a. Many of these sites have not been subjected to radiocarbon dating. b. Humans had not colonized the western coast of the Pacific Ocean in significant numbers by this time. c. It is not obvious that stone tools have been altered by humans and are possibly created by natural means. d. The radiocarbon dates that have been obtained at this earlier sites have likely been contaminated and are not reliable.

b. Humans had not colonized the western coast of the Pacific Ocean in significant numbers by this time. page 117 paragraph 1

6. What are two popular explanations of the development of fluted points? a. They increased blood loss for animals and had spiritual significance. b. They facilitated hafting and increased blood loss for animals. c. They were a natural formation in the stone used to make the points and facilitated hafting. d. They had spiritual significance and were a natural formation in the stone used to make the points.

b. They facilitated hafting and increased blood loss for animals. page 122 paragraph 2

26. Which statement is false about early pastoralists and horticulturalists? a. Skeletal evidence indicates that peoples' health often deteriorated as a result of domestication. b. They often shifted between foraging and agriculture on a year-to-year basis. c. Ethnographic data indicates that pastoralism and horticulturalism took more time than foraging. d. Domestication often produced a food surplus.

b. They often shifted between foraging and agriculture on a year-to-year basis. page 123 paragraph 6

19. The transition from the Upper Paleolithic to Mesolithic periods is demarcated by a. the creation of tools made of natural copper sources. b. advances in stone tool technology and a shift towards maritime resources. c. the start of a new ice age which made the temperatures colder. d. the appearance of human burials and the creation of stone figurines.

b. advances in stone tool technology and a shift towards maritime resources. page 116 paragraph 1

24. The New World population explosion around 12,000 years ago is correlated with the development of a. stone tools. b. fluted points. c. domesticated corn. d. bronze spears.

b. fluted points. page 121 paragraph 1

Iraq is referred to as the "cradle of civilization" because a. the first tool using hominid, Homo habilis, was evolved in this area. b. it was the home of the Sumerians, the earliest known civilization. c. some of the first domesticated plants, emmer wheat and einkorn, were developed in this area. d. Hammurabi's Code, the first set of laws, was written in this region.

b. it was the home of the Sumerians, the earliest known civilization. page 133 paragraph 2

16. The large animals hunted during the early colonization of North America are often referred to as a. mastodons. b. megafauna. c. domesticates. d. macrofauna.

b. megafauna. page 116 table 6.2

The earliest forms of writing were primarily used for a. creating societal laws. b. record keeping. c. recording oral traditions. d. poetry.

b. record keeping. page 134 paragraph 1

20. The transition from the Stone Age to Bronze Age periods is demarcated by a. the third agricultural revolution that introduced large domestic farms. b. the addition of tin to copper, which requires hotter fires. c. the initial colonization of the Americas. d. the simultaneous use of stone and iron objects, which indicated that this was a transitional time.

b. the addition of tin to copper, which requires hotter fires. page 116 paragraph 2

With increased sedentism, you would also expect to see a. an increased emphasis on animal domestication. b. the appearance of more permanent structures. c. more efforts to promote environmental sustainability. d. a social structure that privileges patrilineal descent.

b. the appearance of more permanent structures. Page 130 paragraph 1

Identifying social and political system base on subsistence strategy:Foraging

bands

food producers

began manipulate plants and animals to increase their productivity,creating surplus

cons of pottery

bulky heavy fragile did not make sense until people settle down more

1. The Neolithic period/fraginst poamework refers to a. 14,000-9,000 years ago in North America. b. 9,000-5,000 years ago in North America. c. 10,000-5,000 years ago in Europe. d. 12,000-10,000 years ago in Europe.

c. 10,000-5,000 years ago in Europe. page 115 Table 6.1

10. Which of the following faunal assemblages would likely be of domesticated animals? a. An assemblage with a larger percentage of older male cow skulls. b. An assemblage with a lower percentage of complete older female deer skeletons. c. An assemblage with a larger percentage of complete young male fox skeletons. d. An assemblage with a lower percentage of older male sheep femurs.

c. An assemblage with a larger percentage of complete young male fox skeletons. page 130 paragraph 3

15. What are some of the arguments for beer being a driving force in the domestication of plants? a. Humans likely started walking to gather naturally fermented fruits and have always sought new sources of alcohol. b. The fermentation of grains was a means to keep away pests and preserved the foods for longer periods of time. c. Fermentation increases the nutritional value of grains and kills pathogens in the water. d. The consumption of alcoholic beverages has always played an important social role and has been a natural byproduct of grain gathering.

c. Fermentation increases the nutritional value of grains and kills pathogens in the water. page 163 box 6.3

21. Why was iron not used during the Bronze Age? a. The golden color of bronze was widely considered much more aesthetically pleasing. b. The major sources of iron were submerged during this period of time. c. People were not able to make fires hot enough to extract iron from ore. d. Bronze tools were sharper and more durable than iron tools.

c. People were not able to make fires hot enough to extract iron from ore. page 116 paragraph 2

Which of the following evidence would you expect to see in a chiefdom? a. A small camp site where a variety of species and elements are found in the faunal assemblage. b. A seasonal village site where complete sheep skeletons were found. c. Several interconnected villages that relied primarily on beans and where a set of the houses are much more substantial than the rest. d. A larger city that likely housed more than 5,000 people and small, medium, and large houses that were found throughout the area. There is evidence that this city controlled a large number of the other smaller settlements in the region.

c. Several interconnected villages that relied primarily on beans and where a set of the houses are much more substantial than the rest. page 132 paragraph 4

. Which statement would be true if you found a large amount of dung and high percentage of older female skeletons near an archaeological site? a. The former inhabitants were foragers. b. The former inhabitants were horticulturists. c. The former inhabitants were pastoralists. d. The former inhabitants were transitioning from pastoralism to horticulture.

c. The former inhabitants were pastoralists. page 129

34. The main difference between a tribe and chiefdom is that a. tribes are foragers while chiefdoms are agriculturalists. b. chiefdoms have a form of currency while tribes use a barter system. c. chiefdoms tend to have a more rigid leadership structure that is based upon heredity. d. a tribe is restricted to a single village.

c. chiefdoms tend to have a more rigid leadership structure that is based upon heredity. page 132 paragraph 5

12. Pottery did not become prevalent until about 10,000 years ago because a. the technology to make pottery was not developed until this time. b. the technology was first developed in North America and did not transfer to the Old World until that time. c. it was heavy and a burden for highly mobile peoples. d. before this time people had no use for pottery.

c. it was heavy and a burden for highly mobile peoples. page 131 paragraph 3

14. If you find evidence of larger pears at one site and smaller pears at another site that is contemporaneous, this would be an indication that a. these are examples of the natural variability within wild pears. b. one site practices domesticated pears and the other relies on wild pears. c. this is an example of the successful domesticating of pears. d. these are likely two different species of pears.

c. this is an example of the successful domesticating of pears. page 129 paragraph 1

Domestication increased the

carrying capacity of the regions which human filled.

Pottery

ceramics(baked clay) use to contain something

Identifying social and political system base on subsistence strategy: horticulturalist with

chiefdoms

Pottery around the world

china:20,000 japan:15,000 Africa,Asia,europe:10,000

3. What evidence could potentially change archaeologists' views on when North America when initially settled? a. A mammoth bone embedded with a human-made tool. b. A human skeleton beneath a volcanic ash layer that dated to 12,000 years ago. c. Genetic proof that Kennewick Man was Caucasian. d. An axe dating to 25,000 years ago using Carbon 14 techniques.

d. An axe dating to 25,000 years ago using Carbon 14 techniques. page 117 paragraph 1

27. Which of the following is not a popular explanation for the early adoption of domestication? a. It was a by-product of alcohol production which increased the nutritional benefits of early grains. b. It was a means to increase the carrying capacity of a region affected by environmental change. c. Early domesticates were considered luxury foods that were used to gain status in many societies. d. People were becoming more sedentary and domestication was a means to increase the food production in a limited area.

d. People were becoming more sedentary and domestication was a means to increase the food production in a limited area.

5. Which of the following is not a term that relates to a specific theory regarding how North America was first populated? a. The ice-free corridor. b. The Beringia. c. The Solutrean hypothesis. d. The Medieval Warm Period

d. The Medieval Warm Period

17. Which of the following is not a problem with identifying North American sites older than 14,000 years? a. Rising sea levels mean that many coastal sites are underwater. b. Natural and taphonomic processes would have destroyed a large portion of these sites. c. The early migrants of this time period would have been highly mobile and had low archaeological visibility. d. The Medieval Warm Period covered much of North America with a thick layer of sand that is difficult to dig through.

d. The Medieval Warm Period covered much of North America with a thick layer of sand that is difficult to dig through. page 119 paragraph 4

8. Which of the following would be an example of horticulture? a. The inter-breeding of two varieties of dogs to make them more docile. b. Practicing a land rotation of soy crops and sheep to maintain soil chemistry. c. The opportunistic gathering of wild fruit while hunting deer. d. The inter-breeding of two varieties of corn to increase crop yields.

d. The inter-breeding of two varieties of corn to increase crop yields.

18. Which of the following is a major problem with the "Paleo-diet" arguments? a. Many of the animals humans were consuming during the Paleo period no longer exist. b. Natural and cultural selection has altered the available plants so that they must be heavily processed prior to human consumption. c. Humans have evolved as omnivores and require an ever-changing source of meat and vegetables. d. They assume that there was a common diet in the past that is better than the diet today.

d. They assume that there was a common diet in the past that is better than the diet today. page 114 box 1.6 paragraph 4

28. Which of these statements is true, concerning the management of the environment by early humans? a. They would hunt specific undesirable species to extinction to allow for preferred species to prosper. b. Early humans lived in a state of equilibrium with, and were managed by, the environment. c. They dammed creeks and rivers to flood regions in order to create small lakes for fishing. d. They deliberately set fires to areas to manipulate the varieties of plants and animals that would re-populate the region.

d. They deliberately set fires to areas to manipulate the varieties of plants and animals that would re-populate the region.

25. Horticulture is to agriculture as a. industrial farming is to family farming. b. socialism it to capitalism. c. empire is to civilization. d. an individual fishing boat is to an expansive fleet of fishing trawlers.

d. an individual fishing boat is to an expansive fleet of fishing trawlers.

7. The domestication of animals as a subsistence strategy is referred to as a. artificial selection. b. horticulture. c. evolution. d. pastoralism.

d. pastoralism. pge 123 paragraph 4

The Beringia is a. the landmass formed when all the continents were originally connected. b. an extinct megafauna that humans followed when they found North America. c. the name used to refer to the first people who inhabited North America. d. the area that connects northern Asia to North America.

d. the area that connects northern Asia to North America. page 117 paragraph 3

. Pastoralists are typically semi-sedentary because a. they follow their herds around and choose not to direct them. b. it is easier to transport living animals to markets than pre-processed ones. c. they were continuously raided by horticultural communities. d. they transfer their animals between environments and altitudes to get the optimal grasses.

d. they transfer their animals between environments and altitudes to get the optimal grasses. page 130 paragraph 1

horticulture

domestication of plants

Civilization emerge a

few hundred years before 5,000 years ago

The population explosion wab likely triggered by

fluted point, a new kind of projectile point(12,000)

Changes in social and political systems are intricately linked with

food production.

advatage of horticulture and pastoralism

food surplus to hedge against poor hunting or gathering use to trade item reduce mobility allowing for accumulation more people can live together emergence of more formal political systems

agriculture

intensive cultivation

art has been pervasive but as you progress in time

it become more visible.

chiefdom

large scale horticultural group

large number of people required

ledership to coordinate activites within groups ans maitain relations with other groups

disadvatage of horticulture and pastoralism

more time spent on subsistence than foraging poor health, nutrition and diseases based on the skeletons of early pastoralists and horticulturalists internal conflict,social inequality ties up resource base in fewer species, making people more susceptible to disease or drought

domestication

plants or animals are under the control of human.

state

population based on agriculture and could number in the hundreds of thousands

Once domestication begins and food surplus is created then the

population keep increasing and the cycle of increasing food production to keep up with demand continues.

Change in food production triggered by reduction in carrying capacity led to to larger population that

required new social and political structures to be effective

Food production is strongly correlated with

settlement patterns

indication of social stratification through

size of house and distribution of remains

maritime adaption with a seafood diets suggested

some populations probably aarriving via the coastal migration route

Identifying social and political system base on subsistence strategy: Agriculturalists

states

pastoralism

subsistence strategy of domesticate animals

Earliest civilization

sumerian 13 different city states know as Mesopotamia is now know as Iraq

Carbon 14 dating is widely recongnized as the best

technique for early sites in north America up to about 40,000)

The surplus crated b pastoralism also means

that more people can live together, leading to larger settlements and more time time building structures larger population and settlement size

Horticulturalists are organized as

tribe or chiefdom have a rigid hierarchical leadership based on heredity and tax in from of goods and labor

Identifying social and political system base on subsistence strategy: pastoralists with

tribes

Pastoralists exhibit

tribes that were divided in several villages with total population of no more then few thousand with each village with big man that would maintain order and be represeative with other village

ceramic technology was developed by

upper palaeolithic about 30,000

Clovis and folom

well-know variants of the fluted points

a explanation for emergence of food production are linked

with changing environments