chapter 6

Children with _____ act on their immediate emotions and behave aggressively.

externalizing tendencies

The brain region involved in higher reasoning is the:

frontal lobe

Tyrell disregards his academic failures and blames others for his problems. Tyrell's teachers should:

gently provide accurate feedback about his failures.

If a child is being bullied, the child's BEST defense is to:

have a strong sense of self-efficacy.

Deficits in executive functions are the main symptoms of:

ADHD

Dopamine is the neurotransmitter that has been implicated in:

ADHD

Obesity rates among children:

increased dramatically in the 1980s

Characterized by excessive restlessness and distractibility, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is MOST commonly diagnosed among _____ with _____ being affected MOST often.

elementary schoolers; boys

Which of these is likely a risk factor for ADHD? - poverty - environmental toxins - obesity - punitive parenting

environmental toxins

The hallmark of ADHD is deficits in:

executive functions

Working memory _____ during preschool and early elementary school.

expands dramatically

Five-year-old Brenda is often loud, rude, aggressive, and disruptive. She probably has _____ tendencies.

externalizing

Selective attention refers to a person's ability to:

focus only on relevant information

This is the area at the uppermost front of the brain.

frontal lobe

Margo wants her son to go to college one day but does not talk to him about it. What is likely to happen?

her son is not likely to go to college

George feels that everyone is out to get him. George has a(n):

hostile attributional bias.

What percentage of children are subjected to chronic harassment?

10-20%

Because of the developing cerebral cortex and frontal lobe, humans are NOT cognitively adults until their:

20s

The cerebral cortex takes until _____ to physiologically mature.

20s

Lara sees a highway crash and feels incredibly frightened. Tonia feels terrible for the people who were hurt and rushes to help. Pick the label for each girl's response.

Lara = empathy; Tonia = sympathy

According to _____, we think logically for the first time during _____.

Piaget; concrete operations

Which statement is true about popular children as they move into middle school?

Popular middle-school children may not be well liked.

Rhashan, a 3-year-old, is continually testing his abilities in the wider world. Josh, a second grader, is learning that he has to work for what he wants. Pick Erikson's psychosocial stages for each boy.

Rhashan = initiative; Josh = industry

Theorists who chart the development of how memory, concentration, and one's ability to plan one's actions are using:

an information processing perspective.

John has sympathy for his friend Tom who recently went through a divorce. This means that John feels:

bad for Tom, without feeling his intense distress.

Ian goes to school and pulls the hair of a younger child. When Ian returns home, his brother's friends push Ian around and pretend they are going to punch him. The next day at school, Ian trips another child on the school bus. Ian's behavior appears to be that of a(n):

bully-victim

Children who pick on others, get picked on, and then pick on others again are:

bully-victims

Which behavior works BEST to decrease bullying?

bystanders who confront the bully

Internalizing and externalizing problems:

cause social difficulties around the world.

James is 9 years old. Which stage of development is he currently in, according to Piaget?

concrete operations

This is aggressive behavior that is repeatedly carried out via electronic media and is potentially more harmful than traditional bullying.

cyberbullying

Which neurotransmitter has been implicated in ADHD?

dopamine

When do MOST people master learning strategies such as rehearsal and selective attention?

elementary school

Erikson viewed the main goal of middle childhood as:

industry

The Erikson stage during which children test their abilities, such as climbing high in a tree, is called:

industry vs. inferiority

According to Erikson, preschoolers face the challenge of:

initiative vs. guilt

Children who are excessively timid, self-conscious, and depressed may have _____ tendencies.

internalizing

Humans have _____ compared to other species.

larger cerebral cortex

Pruning in the frontal lobes starts _____ in other brain regions.

later than

Synaptogenesis refers to the process of:

making billions of connections between neurons.

Brandon is in the third grade. What stage of development is he in?

middle childhood

When asked to explain why Josie is her best friend, Shareese answers, "Because she makes me laugh and is nice to me." These girls are MOST likely _____ children, because they describe their friendship in terms of _____qualities.

older; internal

According to Susan Harter, children base their self-esteem on all of the following factors EXCEPT: - organizational abilities. - physical appearance. - behavioral conduct. - scholastic competence.

organizational abilities

Having well-developed fine-motor skills can predict which of the following?

performance on both school-related memory tests and speed-oriented cognitive tests

_____ children are frequently named in the most-liked category and never appear in the disliked group. They also stand out as being really liked by everyone.

popular

Long-term weight problems can be detected as early as:

preschool

This type of aggression occurs in response to being hurt, threatened, or deprived.

reactive

Since she does not have a pen, paper, or GPS in her car, Deedra memorizes her friend's phone directions by repeating the turns and street names in her mind over and over. Deedra is using a learning strategy called:

rehearsal

Eleven-year-old Sarah loves to tattle on her older sister. Last week, Sarah told her sister's boyfriend that her sister had kissed another boy. Sarah showed _____ aggression.

relational

What is the process by which a person can choose to devote attention to one thing, while ignoring other messages occurring at the same time?

selective attention

_____ is the ability to observe one's abilities and actions from an outside frame of reference and to reflect on one's inner state.

self-awareness

Who is the typical bullying target?

unpopular children

_____ develop(s) quickly in children in early childhood because the neurons in the visual and motor cortex are in their pruning phase.

walking

Fostering school self-efficacy involves praising children for:

working hard

Basira runs into her old friend Gina from high school. Gina wants to give Basira her phone number but neither woman has a pen. Basira memorizes the number and calls Gina that evening. This means that Basira transferred the phone number from her _____ to more permanent memory storage.

working memory

Imagine that you are a researcher interested in determining an individual child's level of self-esteem, and you only have time to ask one question. Which of these questions would be the BEST one to ask? - "Are you succeeding in the areas of life you really care about?" - "Are you good at sports?" - "Do you have friends?" - "Are you doing well in school?"

- "Are you succeeding in the areas of life you really care about?"

Lee is 10 years old. According to Piaget, which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Lee's cognition? - He can reason conceptually about concrete objects. - He can think abstractly in a scientific way. - His thinking is similar to adults. - He has a realistic understanding of the world.

- He can think abstractly in a scientific way.

Which statement about shame is false? - It makes a person angry. - It makes a person want to retreat. - It makes a person want to strike back. - It brings a person closer to others.

- It brings a person closer to others.

Which statement about friends is false? - They protect children as they venture into the world. - They rarely disagree or fight, especially in Western cultures. - They teach children how to relate to others. - They help insulate children from being bullied.

- They rarely disagree or fight, especially in Western cultures.

Mr. and Mrs. Franklin are taking their son to see a psychiatrist who helps children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The psychiatrist might consider all of the following interventions EXCEPT: - encouraging physical exercise. - recommending the child be exposed to demanding timed tasks. - recommending the child be exposed to white noise while studying. - using psycho-stimulant medications.

- recommending the child be exposed to demanding timed tasks.

Families who have _____ meals together every week tend to have healthier diets and stronger relationships.

3 or more

John was given his own cell phone for his birthday. This is not uncommon, as _____ of kids have a cell phone.

40%

Middle childhood refers to boys and girls aged:

7-12

What is an average intelligence score?

90-109

A(n) ____ test is supposed to measure a child's innate abilities.

aptitude

The frontal lobes develop:

slowly; they let people consider options and inhibit immediate responses.