Chapter 6

When a researcher assigns subjects to a groups by tossing a coin the researcher is using which technique? a. Random selection b. Random assignment c. Bias d. Within groups design

Random Assignment

Experimental designs also involve randomization of what aspect of the study, allowing results to be compared to the group receiving the experimental intervention? a. Randomization of the control group b. Randomization of the study data c. Randomization of the participant age d. Randomization of the control variable

Randomization of the control group

In experimental designs, researchers actively manipulate the ________, sometimes to determine its effect on the dependent variable (DV) or outcome variable. a. construct variable (CV) b. design variable (DV) c. independent variable (IV) d. information variable (IV)

independent variable (IV)

Which of the following are potential threats to internal validity? (Select all that apply.) a. Environment b. History c. Mortality d. Maturation

B, C, D

History is considered a threat to internal validity in which of the following situations? a. A threat to internal validity when there is a loss of subjects before the study is completed b. A threat to internal validity when the dependent variable is influenced by an event that occurred during the study c. A threat to internal validity when a pretest influences the way subjects respond on a posttest d. A threat to internal validity when subjects change by growing or maturing

A threat to internal validity when the dependent variable is influenced by an event that occurred during the study

When designing a study, which of the following should the research consider? (Select all that apply) a. Research question b. Review of the literature c. Theoretical framework d. Study purpose

A, B, C, D

Cohort comparison studies can save time because more than one group of subjects is studied. True False

True

Which of the following is an example of random sampling? a. Most people in the population of interest have the same probability of being selected to be included in the study. b. All people in the population of interest have the same probability of being selected to be included in the study. c. All members of the population of interest in the study were asked to participate in the study. d. All study participants reflect all levels of the diversity of the population of interest in the study

All people in the population of interest have the same probability of being selected to be included in the study

Nursing body of knowledge is dependent on the quality of research findings that are disseminated. True False

True

Which of the following would be a threat to external validity? a. History b. Bias c. Maturation d. Testing

Bias

What is the researches ability to manipulate or regulate extraneous variables known as? a. Control b. Manipulation c. Bias d. Probability

Control

Which of the following is not a purpose of no experimental designs? a. Describe Phenomenon b. Explain relationships c. Predict relationships d. Examine causality

Examine causality

What is the degree to which results of studies can be generalized to other individuals? a. External Validity b. Construct Validity c. Internal Validity d. Statistical conclusion validity

External validity

What type of variables confounds, or confuses, the effect of the independent variable (IV) on the dependent variable (DV)? a. Existing variables b. Cofounding variables c. Randomized variables d. Extraneous variables

Extraneous variables

Any study that involves collecting data at multiple points in time is a longitudinal study. True False

False

In retrospective designs also know as ex post facto designs the researcher manipulates the IV. True False

False

Researchers should design studies that are easy for subjects to participate in regardless of how much control over extraneous variable is achieved. True False

False

The threat of mortality is greater in a cross sectional designs that in longitudinal designs. True False

False

A researcher plans to observe children in a K5 class. Student have always been told to be on their best behavior when guest is present in the classroom. What is the greatest threat to external validity? a. Construct validity b. Hawthorne effect c. Selection d. Interaction of treatment settings

Hawthorne effect

During a study examining nurses job satisfaction, the union decides to a hold a strike. This is which type of threat to internal validity? a. Selection Bias b. Mortality c. History d. Testing

History

__________________ refers to the confidence one has that the results of the statistical analysis accurately reflect the true relationship between the IV and DV. a. Data outcome validity b. Result and findings validity c. Data conclusion validity d. Statistical conclusion validity

Statistical conclusion validity

Which of the following best defines validity? a. The truth or accuracy of the study results b. The truth or accuracy of the study participants c. The ethical accuracy of the study design d. The accuracy for the independent variable

The truth or accuracy of the study results

The researcher is aware that an appropriate research design will reflect an integration of what two types of literature that will be presented in the review of the literature section of the study? a. Theoretical and evidence-based b. Theoretical and empirical c. Thesis-based and empirical d. Evidence-based and empirical

Theoretical and empirical