Chapter 6- Formulating Hypothesis and Research Questions
Directional; nondirectional
(Directional/nondirectional) hypotheses are clearer and more logical than (Directional/nondirectional) hypotheses
1. simple vs. complex 2. nondirectional vs. directional 3. stasticital vs. research
3 classifications of hypothesis
data must support the hypotheses for a study to be successful; Some of the most important findings have come from research in which the data did not support the hypotheses
A common misconception about research studies
research question
A concise, interrogative statement written in the present tense including one or more variables.
Subjects who receive X are more likely to have Y than subjects who do not receive X.
A general model for stating hypotheses
clearly and concisely the expected relationship (or difference) between two or more variables in measurable terms
A good hypothesis while state what?
existing
A hypothesis is bulit on (new/existing) knowledge
research hypothesis (H' or Ha)
A hypothesis stating a relationship or difference between two variables. Also called an alternative, declarative, or scientific hypothesis.
null hypothesis
A hypothesis stating that no relationship or difference exists between two variables. Also called statistical hypothesis.
nondirectional hypothesis
A hypothesis that does not stipulate in advance the direction and nature of the relationship between two variables.
directional hypothesis
A hypothesis that makes a specific prediction about the direction of the relationship between two variables.
clear, concise, interrogative statement; present; one or more variable
A research question is a _________ that is stated in the ______ tense and includes ______
hypothesis
A statement about the relationship between the variables that are being investigated
simple hypothesis
A statement explaining and/or predicting a relationship between one independent and one dependent variable.
complex hypothesis
A statement explaining and/or predicting relationships between two or more independent and dependent variables.
hypothesis genetrating study
A study that is done and the outcome allows the researcher to bring data togeher to form a hypothesis for future studies
Simple hypothesis
A type of hypothesis that states the relationship between TWO variables ONLY by using a simple but clearly stated format
extraneous variable, internal
A variable that is not controlled for in a study, threatening the __________ validity of the study.
dependent variable
A variable that is observed for changes or to assess the possible effect of a treatment or manipulation; may be the effect or outcome of an experimental procedure; also referred to as a criterion or outcome variable. Usually symbolized by the letter Y.
conceptually; operationally
All nouns in hypotheses or research questions should be defined first ______ and then ______
two hypotheses are often stated
Because null hypotheses do not reflect the researcher's true expectations of a study's results, what often happens?
their relationship to the problem.
Concepts and variables need to be logically defined according to...
1. How is X described? (describing variables) 2. What is the perception of X? (describing variables) 3. Is X related to Y? (examining relationships) 4. What is the relationship between X and Y? (examining relationships) 5. Is there a difference between groups 1 and 2 with respect to Y? (determining differences)
General model for a reserach question
by statistical analysis
How are hypothesis evaluated?
research questions are more precise and specific.
How do interrogative statements in a research question compare to the problem statement?
deductive
If a hypothesis is based on a the comprehensive theoretical framework is is (inductive/deductive)
research; directional
Most hypotheses are ________ hypotheses and _______ because they PREDICT the DIRECTION of the outcome
What type of hypothesis is best for your study? Is the study you are planning feasible?
Most important questions for deciding weather to use a simple or complex hypothesis
Quasi-experimental and experimental
Research designs have been developed to control the influence of extraneous variables
interrogative statements
Research questions are written as ________ that seeks an answer.
naturally from the purpose statment narrowing focus of study
Research questions should flow from what?
Include research variables and the population to be studied
Research quetsions should inculde what?
statistical strategy
Stragiety that is used with null hypothesis that is when a research hypothesis is made, data is analyzed assuming the null hypothesis, and make inferences based on the target population
true
T/F Extraneous variables exist in all studies
true
T/F Not all studies have both research questions and hypotheses.
TRUE (indicate what the researcher expects to find as a result of conducting a study)
T/F Research hypothesis reflect the researchers true expectations of the study
experimental; treatment; intervention; predictor
Terms that can be used to describe independent varaibles
prediction about the outcome of the study
The hypothesis is the researcher's..
variables being studied; population being studied; predicted outcomes
The hypothesis statement includes ___________, ___________, and _________
1. guide scientific injury to advance knowledge 2. provide direction for the research design and the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data 3. provide a way to reporting the conclusions of a study
The purposes for a hypothesis
1. A declarative research hypothesis may be used to communicate the researcher's true expectations 2. Nullhypothesis to permit statistical testing.
The two hypothesis that are normally done when a Null hypothesis is involved
- sample - measuring instruments - design - procedure collecting data
Things that need to be decided before a hypothesis can be tested
research hypothesis (or scientific or alternative)
Type of hypothesis that states that a relationship or difference exists between variables.
inductive reasoning hypothesis
Type of reasoning that could bring a hypothesis about that moved from specific observations to those that are general
Deductive hypotheses
Type of reasoning that could bring a hypothesis that are derived from theory and contribute to the science of nursing by providing evidence that supports, expands, or contradicts a given theory
operationally
Variables identified in hypotheses must be (conceptually/ operationally) defined
conceptual models or findings from previous research
What are directional hypothesis usaully from?
state clearly and concisely the expected relationship (or difference) between two or more variables
What do good hypothesis do?
direction for the researcher's efforts and determine the research method and type of data to be collected.
What do hypothesis prodive for the researcher?
reevaluate the hypothesis
What does a lack of support in research data force the researcher to do?
- describing varaibles - examining relationships among variables - determining differences between two or more groups regarding the selected variable(s).
What does a research question focus on?
makes it easier for readers to understand and formulate conclusions following data analysis.
What does a simple hypothesis do for the reader?
internal validity of the study
What does extraneous variables threaten?
one that contains variables that are measurable, with a relationship that can be either supported or not supported based on the data collected.
What is makes a hypothesis testable?
- specific detail/ observation is noted to be related - related lit is reviewed - formal hypothesis is conducted
What is the process of inductive reasoning?
an expected relationship between two variables
What must the hypothesis state with regards to the two or more varaibles used in a research study?
when prior knowledge of the topic is limited and research seeks to identify or desricbe the phenomena
When are Research questions utlized?
after the review of literature has been completed
When are hypothesis and research questions forumalted?
for research that is classified as descriptive
When are hypothesis not need?
when prior knowledge of the phenomenon is limited and the research seeks to identify or describe a phenomenon (exploratory or descriptive studies), or both.
When are researched questioned used?
used when past research provides conflicting results or when the direction of the relationship is unknown
When is nondirectional hypothesis used?
used because they suit the statistical techniques that determine whether an observed relationship is probably a chance relationship or probably a true relationship.
Why are null/ statistical hypothesis usuallly used?
so that you can make a judgment about the applicability of the findings t to a particular population
Why is it important to know how subjects are defined?
"greater than," "less than," "positively," "negatively," and "difference"
Words that denote the direction of the proposed hypotheses
may or may not be
are extraneous variables relevant to the study?
