Chapter 6: Learning

What is an example of vicarious reinforcement

Barbara saw Martin receiving a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward

What is the main idea of operant conditioning

Behavior is motivated by the consequences we received for the behavior: reinforcement and punishment

Fixed internal reinforcement schedule

Behavior is rewarded after a set amount of time

Variable interval reinforcement schedule

Behavior is rewarded after unpredictable amounts of time have passed

Law of effect

Behavior that is followed by consequences satisfying to the organism will be repeated and behaviors that are followed by unpleasant consequences will be discouraged

An example of stimulus generalization

Being conditioned to laugh when you see a top hat then also laughing when you see other kinds of hats

To maximize learning, a _____ should be presented on a ____ schedule

CS + UCS; continuous

Learning

Change in behavior or knowledge that is the result of experience

Example of variable interval

Checking Facebook

Model

Person who performs a behavior that serves as an example (in observational learning)

____reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities

Primary

Vicarious punishment

Process where the observer sees the model punished, making the observer less likely to imitate the models behavior

Vicarious Reinforcement

Process where the observer sees the model rewarded, making the observer more likely to imitate the models behavior

Conditioned response (CR)

Response caused by the conditioned stimulus

Continuous reinforcement

Rewarding a behavior every time it occurs

Partial reinforcement

Rewarding behavior only some of the time

example of positive punishment

Scolding a student to stop texting in class

Fixed ratio reinforcement schedule

Set number of responses must occur before a behavior is rewarded

Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target

Shaping

Grace whistles while Kaitlyn Kate with a feather. Eventually Kate start to squirm and giggle every time Grace whistles, when she is not being tickled. In this example, squirming and giggling is a

Conditioned response

Extinction

Decrease in the condition response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the conditioned stimulus

Which involves the use of social learning theory

Determining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if she is only allowed to watch YouTube videos of people knitting

What did John B Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert

Emotion can be a conditioned response

What are innate behaviors that are triggered by a broader range of events such as aging and a change of seasons

Instincts

The reinforcement schedule that is least productive and easiest to extinguish

Is fixed interval

The reinforcement schedule that is most productive and most resistant to extinction

Is variable ratio

The major flaw with little Albert experiment

It is unethical for a researcher to induce fear in a child since it is harmful to induce fear

Which is an example of a variable ratio reinforcement schedule

Joyce playing scratch off lottery tickets

What was the main point of Ivav Pavlov's dogs

Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus

Classical conditioning

Learning in which the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets paired or associated with the behavior

Latent learning

Learning that occurs, but it may not be evident until there is a reason to demonstrate it

Julian watches his grandfather repair watches. As Julian matures he imitates what his grandfather does, and then his grandfather shows him more complicated techniques. Eventually Julian is as proficient at repairing watches as his grandfather. This exemplifies

Learning.

Cognitive map

Mental picture of the layout of the environment

In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a

Neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus

Dana watches her older sister do headstands. Dana falls over when she attempts to do I had to stand herself. She watches her older sister more carefully and notices that her sister and leans backwards flatly to complete her head stand. Dana is then able to do it herself. Which type of learning is this

Observational

John wants to train his daughter to excuse herself before she leaves the table. Although he does not know how often he will reward her for excusing herself, he does know that he will not reward her for every time she excuses herself. Which reinforcement schedule is John using

Partial

Maya is taught to go to sleep when the light is turned off. However for many months she is no longer able to fall asleep when the light is turned off. Later, she begins to fall asleep when the light is turned off again. This is an example of

Spontaneous recovery

Example of negative reinforcement

Your car beeping until you put on the seatbelt

Example of negative punishment

A driver blasting her horn went a lot turns green and continue blasting the horn until the car in front moves

Positive reinforcement

Adding a desirable stimulus to increase a behavior

Positive punishment

Adding an undesirable stimulus to stop or decrease a behavior

Higher order conditioning

Also known as second order conditioning. Using a conditioned stimulus to condition a neutral stimulus

Which is the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer present with the conditioned stimulus

Extinction

Example of fixed ratio

Factory worker getting paid for every X number of items manufactured

Operant conditioning

Form of learning in which the stimulus/experience happens after the behavior is demonstrated

Associative learning

Form of learning that involves connecting certain stimuli or events that occur together in the environment (classical and operant conditioning)

Example of variable ratio

Gambling

Example of positive punishment

Giving your son a time out when he runs into the busy street

Primary reinforcer

Has innate reinforcing qualities (food, water, shelter, sex)

Edward C. Tolman

His experiment demonstrated that organisms can live even if they do not receive immediate reinforcement. He disagreed with John B Watson and BF Skinner. He placed hungry rat in a maze with no reward for finding their way through it, and he studied a comparison group that was rewarded with food at the end of the maze

Example of fixed interval

Hospital patient uses patient-controlled, doctor-time pain relief

Example of positive reinforcement

If your son cleans his room, he gets a toy

Punishment

Implementation of a consequence in order to decrease a behavior

If a slamming door is a conditioned stimulus, then being able to distinguish between the sound of a slamming door and the sound of a heavy item being dropped would represent

Stimulus discrimination

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

Stimulus that elicits a reflexive response

Condition stimulus (CS)

Stimulus that elicits a response due to it being paired with an unconditioned stimulus

Negative punishment

Taking away a pleasant stimulus to decrease or stop a behavior

Negative reinforcement

Taking away and undesirable stimulus to increase a behavior

Albert Bandura

Thee models are live, verbal, and symbolic

Observational learning

Type of learning that occurs by watching others

Instinct

Unlearned knowledge, involving complex patterns of behavior; instincts are thought to be more prevalent in lower animals been in humans. Innate behaviors of that are triggered by a broader range of events, such as aging and the change of seasons. More complex and involves movement of the organism as a whole

Reflex

Unlearned, automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in the environment. Motor or neural reaction to a specific stimulus in the environment. More simpler than instincts and involve the activity of specific body parts and systems

You call a friend on the phone and repeatedly get sent to voicemail, so you continue to call every 5 to 20 minutes hoping to speak. Which reinforcement schedule is this

Variable interval

Habituation

When we learn not to respond to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly without change

Variable ratio reinforcement schedule

number of responses differ before a behavior is rewarded