Chapter 6: Learning
What is an example of vicarious reinforcement
Barbara saw Martin receiving a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward
What is the main idea of operant conditioning
Behavior is motivated by the consequences we received for the behavior: reinforcement and punishment
Fixed internal reinforcement schedule
Behavior is rewarded after a set amount of time
Variable interval reinforcement schedule
Behavior is rewarded after unpredictable amounts of time have passed
Law of effect
Behavior that is followed by consequences satisfying to the organism will be repeated and behaviors that are followed by unpleasant consequences will be discouraged
An example of stimulus generalization
Being conditioned to laugh when you see a top hat then also laughing when you see other kinds of hats
To maximize learning, a _____ should be presented on a ____ schedule
CS + UCS; continuous
Learning
Change in behavior or knowledge that is the result of experience
Example of variable interval
Checking Facebook
Model
Person who performs a behavior that serves as an example (in observational learning)
____reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities
Primary
Vicarious punishment
Process where the observer sees the model punished, making the observer less likely to imitate the models behavior
Vicarious Reinforcement
Process where the observer sees the model rewarded, making the observer more likely to imitate the models behavior
Conditioned response (CR)
Response caused by the conditioned stimulus
Continuous reinforcement
Rewarding a behavior every time it occurs
Partial reinforcement
Rewarding behavior only some of the time
example of positive punishment
Scolding a student to stop texting in class
Fixed ratio reinforcement schedule
Set number of responses must occur before a behavior is rewarded
Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target
Shaping
Grace whistles while Kaitlyn Kate with a feather. Eventually Kate start to squirm and giggle every time Grace whistles, when she is not being tickled. In this example, squirming and giggling is a
Conditioned response
Extinction
Decrease in the condition response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the conditioned stimulus
Which involves the use of social learning theory
Determining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if she is only allowed to watch YouTube videos of people knitting
What did John B Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert
Emotion can be a conditioned response
What are innate behaviors that are triggered by a broader range of events such as aging and a change of seasons
Instincts
The reinforcement schedule that is least productive and easiest to extinguish
Is fixed interval
The reinforcement schedule that is most productive and most resistant to extinction
Is variable ratio
The major flaw with little Albert experiment
It is unethical for a researcher to induce fear in a child since it is harmful to induce fear
Which is an example of a variable ratio reinforcement schedule
Joyce playing scratch off lottery tickets
What was the main point of Ivav Pavlov's dogs
Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus
Classical conditioning
Learning in which the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets paired or associated with the behavior
Latent learning
Learning that occurs, but it may not be evident until there is a reason to demonstrate it
Julian watches his grandfather repair watches. As Julian matures he imitates what his grandfather does, and then his grandfather shows him more complicated techniques. Eventually Julian is as proficient at repairing watches as his grandfather. This exemplifies
Learning.
Cognitive map
Mental picture of the layout of the environment
In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a
Neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus
Dana watches her older sister do headstands. Dana falls over when she attempts to do I had to stand herself. She watches her older sister more carefully and notices that her sister and leans backwards flatly to complete her head stand. Dana is then able to do it herself. Which type of learning is this
Observational
John wants to train his daughter to excuse herself before she leaves the table. Although he does not know how often he will reward her for excusing herself, he does know that he will not reward her for every time she excuses herself. Which reinforcement schedule is John using
Partial
Maya is taught to go to sleep when the light is turned off. However for many months she is no longer able to fall asleep when the light is turned off. Later, she begins to fall asleep when the light is turned off again. This is an example of
Spontaneous recovery
Example of negative reinforcement
Your car beeping until you put on the seatbelt
Example of negative punishment
A driver blasting her horn went a lot turns green and continue blasting the horn until the car in front moves
Positive reinforcement
Adding a desirable stimulus to increase a behavior
Positive punishment
Adding an undesirable stimulus to stop or decrease a behavior
Higher order conditioning
Also known as second order conditioning. Using a conditioned stimulus to condition a neutral stimulus
Which is the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer present with the conditioned stimulus
Extinction
Example of fixed ratio
Factory worker getting paid for every X number of items manufactured
Operant conditioning
Form of learning in which the stimulus/experience happens after the behavior is demonstrated
Associative learning
Form of learning that involves connecting certain stimuli or events that occur together in the environment (classical and operant conditioning)
Example of variable ratio
Gambling
Example of positive punishment
Giving your son a time out when he runs into the busy street
Primary reinforcer
Has innate reinforcing qualities (food, water, shelter, sex)
Edward C. Tolman
His experiment demonstrated that organisms can live even if they do not receive immediate reinforcement. He disagreed with John B Watson and BF Skinner. He placed hungry rat in a maze with no reward for finding their way through it, and he studied a comparison group that was rewarded with food at the end of the maze
Example of fixed interval
Hospital patient uses patient-controlled, doctor-time pain relief
Example of positive reinforcement
If your son cleans his room, he gets a toy
Punishment
Implementation of a consequence in order to decrease a behavior
If a slamming door is a conditioned stimulus, then being able to distinguish between the sound of a slamming door and the sound of a heavy item being dropped would represent
Stimulus discrimination
Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
Stimulus that elicits a reflexive response
Condition stimulus (CS)
Stimulus that elicits a response due to it being paired with an unconditioned stimulus
Negative punishment
Taking away a pleasant stimulus to decrease or stop a behavior
Negative reinforcement
Taking away and undesirable stimulus to increase a behavior
Albert Bandura
Thee models are live, verbal, and symbolic
Observational learning
Type of learning that occurs by watching others
Instinct
Unlearned knowledge, involving complex patterns of behavior; instincts are thought to be more prevalent in lower animals been in humans. Innate behaviors of that are triggered by a broader range of events, such as aging and the change of seasons. More complex and involves movement of the organism as a whole
Reflex
Unlearned, automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in the environment. Motor or neural reaction to a specific stimulus in the environment. More simpler than instincts and involve the activity of specific body parts and systems
You call a friend on the phone and repeatedly get sent to voicemail, so you continue to call every 5 to 20 minutes hoping to speak. Which reinforcement schedule is this
Variable interval
Habituation
When we learn not to respond to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly without change
Variable ratio reinforcement schedule
number of responses differ before a behavior is rewarded