Chapter 6: Lipids: Triglycerides, Phospholipids, Sterols

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The ADMR for fat

20-35% of total calorie intake

Blood triglyceride levels are too high

>150 mg/dL

hydrophobic

Water fearing

thrombus

a fixed clot that develops and persists in an unbroken blood vessel

Cholecystokinin

a hormone that is secreted by cells in the duodenum and stimulates the release of bile into the intestine and the secretion of enzymes by the pancreas.

Most common forms of cardiovascular disease in the US

coronary artery disease, stroke

Lipoprotein lipase

enzyme in the walls of capillaries that breaks down their load of triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol

There are no foods that naturally contain trans fats

false

most common digestive disease in the US

gallstones

Sterol

lipids that have a more chemically complex structure that a triglyceride or phospholipid

Polyunsaturated fatty acids

more than one double bond

lipase

pancreatic enzyme necessary to digest fats

Adipose cells

remove fatty acids and glycerol from the blood and reassemble them as triglycerides for storage, are commonly called fat cells

fatty acid completely filled with hydrogen atoms

saturated

a triglyceride has

three fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule

trans fatty acid

allows the carbon chain to remain straighter

Which fatty acids are considered essential fatty acids

alpha-linolenic acid & linoleic acid

Bile acids produced in the

liver

Fats that contain a high proportion of trans fatty acids are

more solid at room temperature than those with a high proportion of cis fatty acids

arterial plaque cause clots to form by

roughening the smooth arterial surface and slowing blood flow & rupturing plaque causing a clot formation to repair rupture

fatty acids can be either

saturated or unsaturated

The primary site of lipid digestion and absorption occurs in the

small inestine

Main characteristic all lipids have in common is

they are insoluble in water

HDl

transports cholesterol from body cells for disposal

Oxidized LDL

transports cholesterol into arterial lining

LDL

transports cholesterol to cells for their use

LDL

transports the most cholesterol

chylomicron

transports the most triglycerides

Structural components of a triglyceride

three attached fatty acids, glycerol backbone

Hydrophilic

Attracts water

Why are the chemical structures of trans and saturated fatty acids similar?

Both have a straight shape

Hydrocarbon Chain

Chain of carbon atoms bonded to each other and to hydrogen atoms

Lipids

Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

Triglyceride

Has three fatty acids bonded to glycerol

Hydrogenation

Process of adding hydrogens to unsaturated fats, which makes a liquid fat more solid at room temp

Which form of unsaturated fatty acid contains a chemical structure similar to that of saturated fatty acids?

Trans

HDL

Transports the least triglycerides

embolus

A clot that breaks lose and travels through the bloodstream.

Unsaturated fatty acid

A fatty acid that has one or more double bonds between carbons in the hydrocarbon tail. Such bonding reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton.

Monosaturated fatty acid

A fatty acid with one double bond between carbon atoms

Emulsifier

A substance that keeps water-soluble and water-insoluble compounds mixed together

Phospholipid

a lipid that contains phosphorus and that is a structural component in cell membranes

Glycerol

a three-carbon alcohol that is often referred to as the "backbone" of the triglyceride

cis fatty acid

causes the carbon chain to bend

What are types of lipids?

cholesterol, triglycerides, sterols

Atherosclerosis

condition in which fatty deposits called plaque build up on the inner walls of the arteries

Pancreatic Lipase

digestive enzyme that removes two fatty acids from each triglyceride molecule

pancreatic lipase

digestive enzyme that removes two fatty acids from each triglyceride molecule

Statins

drugs used to lower cholesterol in the bloodstream

Saturated fatty acid

each carbon atom in the tail has four single covalent bonds

A substance that keeps water-soluble and water-insoluble compounds mixed together is called a

emulsifier

Partial hydrogenation

food manufacturing process that adds hydrogen atoms to liquid vegetable oil, forming trans fats and saturated fats

Cholesterol is found in

foods derived from animals

arteriosclerosis

hardening of the arteries

Hypertenion

high blood pressure

Foam Cells

holds oxidized LDL within the arterial wall

Phospholipids are naturally found

in foods derived from plants and animals


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