Chapter 6 - other sensation systems
visual imagery is to ---- as auditory imagery is to ----
V1, A1
which of the following would a cell in the primary cortex be least excited by?
a pure tone
the ability to hear a note and identify it perfectly is called
absolute pitch
what is the intensity of a sound wave called
amplitude
loudness is to ______ as pitch is to _____
amplitude, frequency
areas bordering the primary auditory cortex are important for
analyzing the meaning of sounds
where is the basal membrane most sensitive to the vibrations of low frequency sound waves
at the apex, farthest from the cochlea
high frequency tones produce maximum displacement
at the base of basilar membrane
a tonotopic map refers to
auditory cortex map of sounds
across species it appears that the sense organs are most attuned to
biological useful stimuli
damage to V1 produces ... and damage to A1 produces....
blindness, deafness to complex sounds
people with conductive deafness
can benefit from surgery or hearing aid
people with massive damage to primary auditory cortex
cannot recognize combination or sequences of sounds
where is the basilar membrane most sensitive to the vibrations of very high frequency sound waves
closest to cochlea
the scala media makes up part of the
cochlea
the scala vestibule makes up part of the
cochlea
the scan tympani makes up part of the
cochlea
currently the most prevalent theory of pitch perception is
combination of frequency, place, and volley principles, depending on frequency of the tone
to what kinds of tones do cells in primary auditory cortex respond best
combinations or patterns of tones
most auditory information is sent to which hemisphere of the brain
contralateral side
the function of the semicircular canals is to
detect movement of the head
damage to primary auditory cortex results in
difficult in responding to sequence of sounds
what is the result of damage to the primary auditory cortex
difficult in responding to sequences of sounds
tinnitus is often
due to phenomenon like the phantom limb
what is another name for the tympanic membrane
eardrum
pitch is a perception related to which aspect of sound
frequency
the ______ of a sound is the number of compressions per second
frequency
within the primary auditory cortex, most cells respond selectively to a particular
frequency
which of the following is truee regarding theories of pitch perception
frequency pitch and volley theoies each work best for different frequencies
the fact that refractory period limits the firing rate of a neuron is problematic for which of the following
frequency theory
perception of a low tone is to .... as perception of a high tone is to...
frequency theory, place theory
which of the following would be least able to use differences as a means of sound localization
ground squirrels
what is the name of the receptor cells of the auditory system
hair cells
how do sound waves ultimately result in the production of receptor potentials
hair cells in the cochlea vibrate, causing ion channels to open in their membrane
vibrations in the fluid of the cochlea causes
hair cells to displace
which two factors determine whether or not there will be a sound shadow
head size and frequency
if the cochlea suffers damage but is confined to one part of the cochlea, that individual will lose
hearing of certain frequencies of sound
for what kind of sounds can differences in loudness by used most accurately for localization
high pitched
a sound shadow refers to
how much louder a high frequency sound is for the ear closes to the sound
which of the following is true about the stimuli detectable by the auditory and visual systems of humans
humans are sensitive to a wide range of stimuli
nerve deafness is to ... as conductive deafness is to...
inner ear, middle ear
which of the following is true for nerve deafness
it can result from damage to cochlea
suppose the highest pitch you can hear is about 20,000 Hz. under what circumstances will that limit change
it drops naturally as you grow older
what is the function of the pinna
it helps us locate source of sounds
the acceleration of the head at any angle causes
jelly like substance in one of semicircular canals to push against hair cells
the fact that each persons pinna is shaped differenty from anyone else suggests that much of sound localization is
leaned
suppose you suddenly become deaf in one ear. with practice you would most likely be able to locate familiar sounds base don differences in
loudness
what is the perception of the intensity of a sound wave called
loudness
what sound characteristics can be compared between the two ears to locate the source of the sound
loudness and timign
the frequency theory of pitch perception works well for ... frequencies, which place theory works well for perception on ... frequencies
low, high
which statement about tinnitus is false
many people with conductive deafness experience tinnitus
in the auditory system, hair cells are specialized receptors that respond to
mechanical displacement
the hammer anvil and stirrup are found in the
middle ear
conducive deafness is also known as
middle ear deafness
conductive deafness is to.......as nerve deafness is to...
middle ear, inner ear
the tympanic membrane is to the _____ as the oval window is to the ______
middle ear, inner ear
why is it important for sound vibrations to be amplified as they pass through the ear
more force is needed to create waves in fluid
patients with damage in area MT have problems with perception of
movement of objects and sounds
what does the vestubular system detect
mvoement of the head
the highest frequency sounds vibrate hair cells
near the base of the membrane
what kind of deafness is the result of damage to the cochlea or hair cells
nerve
what is the major problem for the frequency theory of sound perception
neurons cannot respond as quickly as the theory requires
if two voices differ in the frequency that means they differ in their
number of waves per second
where are the auditory receptor cells located
on the basilar membrane
what is the basis for differences in sensory abilities across species
organisms detect a range of stimuli that are biologically relevant for that species
the vestibular organs consists of
otolith organs and semicircular canals
the tympanic membrane connects to three tiny bones that transmit the vibrations to the
oval window
a person would have the most difficult locating the sight and sound of an approaching train with damage to the
parietal cortex
humans localize low frequencies by... differences and high frequencies by... differences
phase, loudness
in terms of sound localization, low frequencies are to --- differences, as high frequencies are to --- differences
phase, loudness
the structure that we commonly refer to as the ear (on the outside of the head) is formally known as the
pinna
which of the following are presented in the correct order when describing some of the structures that sound waves travel as they pass from outer ear to inner ear
pinna, tympanic membrane, oval window, cochlea
what occurs to a tone as the frequency increases
pitch gets higher
every sound causes one location along the basilar membrane to resonate and thereby excites neurons in that area - this is one way to state which theory about pitch perception
place theory
the fact that the various parts of the basilar membrane are tightly bound together is problematic for which of the following
place theory
in the otolith organs, the otoliths are calcium carbonate particles that
push against hair cells when moved
the stirrup makes the oval window vibrate at the entrance to the
scala vestibuli
which two structures provide information about vestibular sensation
semicircular canals and otolith organs
what can most people with nerve deafness hear
some frequencies of sound better than others
timing differences can be used most accurately for localizing
sudden onset sounds
to what lobe of the cerebral cortex is auditory information sent
temporal
the malleus, incus, and stapes are three small bones
that transmit information from tympanic membrane to oval window
according the the frequency theory
the basilar membrane vibrates in synchrony with a sound, producing action potentials at the same frequency
the current view of how we perceive sound less than 10 hz is based on
the frequency of action potentials
comparisons between which two responses are helpful in locating the sources of a sound
the left ear and the right ear
at low frequencies our perception of loudness is determined by
the number of activated hair cells
at low frequencies the intensity of the sound is coded by
the number of neurons producing action potentials
the outer ear inludes
the pinna
the eardrum vibrates at
the same fervency as the sound waves that hit it
what can people with conductive deafness hear
their own voice better than external sounds
which of the following would a person with conductive deafness be able to hear better than a person with nerve deafness
themselves taking
three small bones connect the tympanic membrane to the oval window - what is the function of these bones
they convert airwaves into waves of greater pressure
damage to part of the cochlea that sends information about high frequency sounds to the primary auditory cortex could result in
tinnitus
nerve deafness often produces
tinnitus
the eardrum is also known as
tympanic membrane
which of the following assumptions is necessary for the place theory of pitch perception, but not for frequency theory
varios auditory neurons respond best to different wavelengths
which of the following would be most impaired with damage to the vestibular senses
visually tracking an object while dancing
the current view of how we perceive frequencies greater than 1000 but less than 5000 is based on
volley of responses by many auditory neurons
the current view of how we perceive high frequencies is based on
where along the basilar membrane neurons fire most rapidly
which of the following statements about nerve deafness is false
with survival treatment it is possible to regain normal hearing
