Chapter 6 - other sensation systems

visual imagery is to ---- as auditory imagery is to ----

V1, A1

which of the following would a cell in the primary cortex be least excited by?

a pure tone

the ability to hear a note and identify it perfectly is called

absolute pitch

what is the intensity of a sound wave called

amplitude

loudness is to ______ as pitch is to _____

amplitude, frequency

areas bordering the primary auditory cortex are important for

analyzing the meaning of sounds

where is the basal membrane most sensitive to the vibrations of low frequency sound waves

at the apex, farthest from the cochlea

high frequency tones produce maximum displacement

at the base of basilar membrane

a tonotopic map refers to

auditory cortex map of sounds

across species it appears that the sense organs are most attuned to

biological useful stimuli

damage to V1 produces ... and damage to A1 produces....

blindness, deafness to complex sounds

people with conductive deafness

can benefit from surgery or hearing aid

people with massive damage to primary auditory cortex

cannot recognize combination or sequences of sounds

where is the basilar membrane most sensitive to the vibrations of very high frequency sound waves

closest to cochlea

the scala media makes up part of the

cochlea

the scala vestibule makes up part of the

cochlea

the scan tympani makes up part of the

cochlea

currently the most prevalent theory of pitch perception is

combination of frequency, place, and volley principles, depending on frequency of the tone

to what kinds of tones do cells in primary auditory cortex respond best

combinations or patterns of tones

most auditory information is sent to which hemisphere of the brain

contralateral side

the function of the semicircular canals is to

detect movement of the head

damage to primary auditory cortex results in

difficult in responding to sequence of sounds

what is the result of damage to the primary auditory cortex

difficult in responding to sequences of sounds

tinnitus is often

due to phenomenon like the phantom limb

what is another name for the tympanic membrane

eardrum

pitch is a perception related to which aspect of sound

frequency

the ______ of a sound is the number of compressions per second

frequency

within the primary auditory cortex, most cells respond selectively to a particular

frequency

which of the following is truee regarding theories of pitch perception

frequency pitch and volley theoies each work best for different frequencies

the fact that refractory period limits the firing rate of a neuron is problematic for which of the following

frequency theory

perception of a low tone is to .... as perception of a high tone is to...

frequency theory, place theory

which of the following would be least able to use differences as a means of sound localization

ground squirrels

what is the name of the receptor cells of the auditory system

hair cells

how do sound waves ultimately result in the production of receptor potentials

hair cells in the cochlea vibrate, causing ion channels to open in their membrane

vibrations in the fluid of the cochlea causes

hair cells to displace

which two factors determine whether or not there will be a sound shadow

head size and frequency

if the cochlea suffers damage but is confined to one part of the cochlea, that individual will lose

hearing of certain frequencies of sound

for what kind of sounds can differences in loudness by used most accurately for localization

high pitched

a sound shadow refers to

how much louder a high frequency sound is for the ear closes to the sound

which of the following is true about the stimuli detectable by the auditory and visual systems of humans

humans are sensitive to a wide range of stimuli

nerve deafness is to ... as conductive deafness is to...

inner ear, middle ear

which of the following is true for nerve deafness

it can result from damage to cochlea

suppose the highest pitch you can hear is about 20,000 Hz. under what circumstances will that limit change

it drops naturally as you grow older

what is the function of the pinna

it helps us locate source of sounds

the acceleration of the head at any angle causes

jelly like substance in one of semicircular canals to push against hair cells

the fact that each persons pinna is shaped differenty from anyone else suggests that much of sound localization is

leaned

suppose you suddenly become deaf in one ear. with practice you would most likely be able to locate familiar sounds base don differences in

loudness

what is the perception of the intensity of a sound wave called

loudness

what sound characteristics can be compared between the two ears to locate the source of the sound

loudness and timign

the frequency theory of pitch perception works well for ... frequencies, which place theory works well for perception on ... frequencies

low, high

which statement about tinnitus is false

many people with conductive deafness experience tinnitus

in the auditory system, hair cells are specialized receptors that respond to

mechanical displacement

the hammer anvil and stirrup are found in the

middle ear

conducive deafness is also known as

middle ear deafness

conductive deafness is to.......as nerve deafness is to...

middle ear, inner ear

the tympanic membrane is to the _____ as the oval window is to the ______

middle ear, inner ear

why is it important for sound vibrations to be amplified as they pass through the ear

more force is needed to create waves in fluid

patients with damage in area MT have problems with perception of

movement of objects and sounds

what does the vestubular system detect

mvoement of the head

the highest frequency sounds vibrate hair cells

near the base of the membrane

what kind of deafness is the result of damage to the cochlea or hair cells

nerve

what is the major problem for the frequency theory of sound perception

neurons cannot respond as quickly as the theory requires

if two voices differ in the frequency that means they differ in their

number of waves per second

where are the auditory receptor cells located

on the basilar membrane

what is the basis for differences in sensory abilities across species

organisms detect a range of stimuli that are biologically relevant for that species

the vestibular organs consists of

otolith organs and semicircular canals

the tympanic membrane connects to three tiny bones that transmit the vibrations to the

oval window

a person would have the most difficult locating the sight and sound of an approaching train with damage to the

parietal cortex

humans localize low frequencies by... differences and high frequencies by... differences

phase, loudness

in terms of sound localization, low frequencies are to --- differences, as high frequencies are to --- differences

phase, loudness

the structure that we commonly refer to as the ear (on the outside of the head) is formally known as the

pinna

which of the following are presented in the correct order when describing some of the structures that sound waves travel as they pass from outer ear to inner ear

pinna, tympanic membrane, oval window, cochlea

what occurs to a tone as the frequency increases

pitch gets higher

every sound causes one location along the basilar membrane to resonate and thereby excites neurons in that area - this is one way to state which theory about pitch perception

place theory

the fact that the various parts of the basilar membrane are tightly bound together is problematic for which of the following

place theory

in the otolith organs, the otoliths are calcium carbonate particles that

push against hair cells when moved

the stirrup makes the oval window vibrate at the entrance to the

scala vestibuli

which two structures provide information about vestibular sensation

semicircular canals and otolith organs

what can most people with nerve deafness hear

some frequencies of sound better than others

timing differences can be used most accurately for localizing

sudden onset sounds

to what lobe of the cerebral cortex is auditory information sent

temporal

the malleus, incus, and stapes are three small bones

that transmit information from tympanic membrane to oval window

according the the frequency theory

the basilar membrane vibrates in synchrony with a sound, producing action potentials at the same frequency

the current view of how we perceive sound less than 10 hz is based on

the frequency of action potentials

comparisons between which two responses are helpful in locating the sources of a sound

the left ear and the right ear

at low frequencies our perception of loudness is determined by

the number of activated hair cells

at low frequencies the intensity of the sound is coded by

the number of neurons producing action potentials

the outer ear inludes

the pinna

the eardrum vibrates at

the same fervency as the sound waves that hit it

what can people with conductive deafness hear

their own voice better than external sounds

which of the following would a person with conductive deafness be able to hear better than a person with nerve deafness

themselves taking

three small bones connect the tympanic membrane to the oval window - what is the function of these bones

they convert airwaves into waves of greater pressure

damage to part of the cochlea that sends information about high frequency sounds to the primary auditory cortex could result in

tinnitus

nerve deafness often produces

tinnitus

the eardrum is also known as

tympanic membrane

which of the following assumptions is necessary for the place theory of pitch perception, but not for frequency theory

varios auditory neurons respond best to different wavelengths

which of the following would be most impaired with damage to the vestibular senses

visually tracking an object while dancing

the current view of how we perceive frequencies greater than 1000 but less than 5000 is based on

volley of responses by many auditory neurons

the current view of how we perceive high frequencies is based on

where along the basilar membrane neurons fire most rapidly

which of the following statements about nerve deafness is false

with survival treatment it is possible to regain normal hearing