Chapter 6 - Practice Questions

The AMDR for fat is

20-35

--- is the long-term process in which plaques build up inside arterial walls

Atherosclerosis

Triglycerides of 150-199mg/dL

Borderline high

---- is found in foods that only contain animal products

Cholesterol

LDL is responsible for delivering --- to the tissues

Cholesterol

List the steps of the development of atherosclerosis in the arteries starting with arterial damage and ending with a heart attack

Damage occurs in the blooding lining, plaque is deposited at the site of initial damage, as plaque accumulates, arteries harden, narrow, and lose elasticity, pressure in artery is increased, and clot or spasm in a plaque-clogged artery leads to a heart attack

Whats the order of steps according to how alcohol can lead to CVD disease?

Excessive alcohol intake, increased VLDL production in the liver, Increased blood triglycerides, and Cholesterol in HDL decreases

--- acids can be saturated or unsaturated

Fatty

Adipose tissue is comprised of

Glycerol and fatty acids

A lipoprotein that transports cholesterol away from tissues and to the liver.

HDL

The lipoprotein that contain the highest amount of protein is

HDL

What are emulsifiers important in cooking and baking?

Helps keep mixtures from separating

Cholesterol > or = 24mg/dL

High

--- is a chronic condition that is characterized by high blood pressure levels that persist even when a person is relaxed

Hypertension

A lipoprotein that has a high cholesterol content is:

LDL

--- is a common example of a phospholipid

Lecithin

What enzyme breaks down triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol in the bloodstream?

Lipase

An omega-6 FA can be identified by:

a double bond located six carbons from the omega end

A --- is a lipid that has a single fatty acid attached to the glycerol backbone

monoglyceride

steps to recycling bile salts

most bile salts are absorbed in the small intestine, bile salts travel in the blood stream to the liver, and liver recycles bile salts to create new bile

Lecithin is a common example of a(n) ---, which is naturally found in plant and animal foods

phospholipid

Why is it important to have fat in your diet and in the body?

provides insulation, maintains cell membranes, cushions organs

--- fatty acids consist entirely of carbon-carbon single bonds

saturated

A(n) --- fatty acid contains no double bonds between carbons in the carbon chain of the fatty acid

saturated

The majority of fat digestion occurs in the ---?

small intestine

Which drug is commonly prescribed to help people reduce elevated blood lipid levels?

statins

The structural components of a triglyceride include:

three attached fatty acids and a glycerol backbone

What are the major functions of lipids in the body?

to provide energy, absorption of fat-soluble vitamins, and to insulate and protect the body

A --- has three fatty acids attached to glycerol

triglyceride

phospholipids are chemically similar to

triglycerides

The main difference in chemical structure between mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids is that polyunsaturated FA contain:

two or more carbon-carbon double bonds

Oxidized LDL is ---

a bad form because it's formed into plaque

Which of the following foods naturally contain small amounts of trans fatty acids

Whole milk, butter, meat

HDL Cholesterol < 40mg/dL for men and < 50mg/dL for women

Low

The structure of phospholipids, having water soluble and water insoluble components, allow phospholipids to form the --- of the cell

Membrane

LDL Cholesterol < 100mg/dL

Optimal

When blood vessels that carry good to all tissues except to the heart or brain have atherosclerotic plaques, the condition is called ---

Peripheral vascular disease

A --- is very similar to a heart attack except the blockage occurs in the brain

Stroke

What is one characteristic that lipids found in foods and in the body have in common

They are mostly in the form of triglycerides

Crackers, pastries, and other processed foods commonly contain the largest amount of --- fatty acids

Trans

True or False: Chylomicrons are transporters of lipids through water-based fluids such as lymph and blood.

True

True or False: Phospholipids contain both a hydrophobic and hydrophilic portions, which attract and repel water.

True

--- cells are commonly called "fat cells" because they are designed to store fat

adipose

When there is excess energy from fat you have just eaten, --- cells remove the fatty acids and glycerol from the bloodstream and reassemble the fats for storage.

adipose

Describe the transformation of triglycerides when energy is needed

adipose cells break down triglycerides into fatty acids an glycerol molecules, fatty acids are glycerol are released into the bloodstream, cells remove fatty acids from the blood and the liver removes glycerol molecules, cells metabolize fatty acids for energy and the liver converts glycerol into glucose for energy

Lipid build-up within the wall of the artery is known as --- ---

arterial plaque

What are the primary ways that lipids are transported through the bloodstream?

as part of lipoproteins and chylomicrons

The underlying cause of most cases of heart disease is

atherosclerosis

The purpose of --- --- is to keep lipids suspended as small particles in chyme.

bile salts

A heart attack is defined as:

blockage in the arteries surrounding the heart causing the tissue to die

During a stroke, cells in the --- die

brain

a lipid with carbons arranged in a ring is called

cholesterol

maintaining a total dietary intake of fat no greater than 35% of total calories will most likely cause a person's risk of developing atherosclerosis to

decrease

The presence of chyme in the --- triggers the release of bile from the gallbladder.

duodenum

What are some examples of food sources that contain cholesterol?

eggs, ice cream, and chicken

To meet the 2010 dietary guidelines for American recommendation for fat intake, an individual should:

emphasize foods such as fish, nuts, and vegetables oils, and balance intake of low-fat and high-fat foods

Manufactures often add -- to foods to keep oily and watery ingredients from separating during storage

emulsifiers

What can lead to the removal of bile salts in the small intestine

fiber

Which of the following parts make up a monoglyceride?

glycerol backbone and fatty acid

Atherosclerosis leads to a --- of the arteries

hardening

When a portion of the heart muscle dies due to a lack of nutrients an oxygen triggered by a complete after blockage it is known as a

heart attack

The process of --- creates trans fatty acids which are less likely to become rancid.

hydrogenation

Which fatty acids are considered essential fatty acids?

ilnoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid

What does it mean when fatty acid is considered essential?

it must be supplied by the diet in order to maintain health

During digestion, fats move into the small intestine in the form of chyme where they are broken down by the enzyme ----

lipase

--- are water-soluble structures that transport lipids through the bloodstream

lipoproteins

VLDL is produced in the

liver