Chapter 6 Psyc

Julian watches his grandfather repair watches. As Julian matures he imitates what his grandfather does, and then his grandfather shows him more complicated techniques. Eventually, Julian is as proficient at repairing watches as his grandfather. This exemplifies ________.

Learning

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?

Learning

Gabrielle watches her father put batteries into her toy phone, and she is then able to put the batteries into the toy phone herself without further instruction from her father. In this example, Gabrielles's father is a ______

Model

In operant conditioning, _______ is when something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior.

Negative Reinforcement

In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________.

Neutral Stimulus

Dymesha watches her older sister do headstands. Dymesha falls over when she attempts to do a headstand herself. She watches her older sister more carefully, and she notices that her sister leans backward slightly to complete her headstand. Dymesha is then able to do headstands herself. Which type of learning is this?

Observational

Learning that occurs while watching others and then imitating, or modeling, what they do or say is called ______ learning.

Observational

Hideki tells a lie and is grounded. He does this several times, finally learning that his behavior (lying) is associated with a consequence (being grounded). Which kind of learning is this?

Operant Conditioning

Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior?

Shaping

Kerry is conditioned to fear strawberries. Raspberries are similar to strawberries, and even though no attempt was made to make Kerry fear raspberries, she reacts with fear when she sees them. This is an example of ________.

Stimulus generalization

Which of the following is an example of a fixed interval reinforcement schedule?

Taking your dog to the park every afternoon at 4:00 p.m

Which of the following experiments involves the use of operant conditioning?

rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal mush and counting how many times the child needs to be rewarded before he finishes his oatmeal voluntarily.

Gus receives a paycheck every week. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

Fixed interval

In the initial period of learning, ________ describes when an organism learns to connect a neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus.

Acquisition

Which of the following is an example of vicarious reinforcement?

Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it.

To maximize learning, a _____ should be presented on a (n) ________ schedule.

CS + UCS; continuous

Although B. F. Skinner and John B. Watson refused to believe that thoughts and expectations play a role in learning, _______ suggested a cognitive aspect to learning.

Edward C. Tolman

What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrates with their studies of Little Albert?

Emotion can be a conditioned response.

Which statement about B. F. Skinner is correct?

He is famous for demonstrating the principles of operant conditioning: The motivation for a behavior happens after the behavior is demonstrated.

Which of the following is an example of vicarious punishment?

Jeong observes Browyn getting spanked for splitting out her carrots. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not split out his carrots.

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In Social Learning Theory, B.F. Skinner identified three types of models: live, verbal, and symbolic.

The name "B. F. Skinner" should be changed to "Albert Bandura"

In classical conditioning, the ______ is an unlearned reaction to a given stimulus. For example, if you have an allergy to pollen and sneeze, is sneezing is an unlearned reaction to the pollen ( i.e., the stimulus)

Unconditioned response

Gambling at the slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule?

Variable ratio

Which process involves observing a model being punished and then becoming less likely to imitate the model's behavior?

Vicarious punishment

Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning?

When a dog plays dead she gets a treat in order to encourage her to repeat the behavior.