Chapter 6 Quiz

Which option is the most valid criticism of Watson and Rayner's work with "little Albert"? They did not have the permission of Albert's mother to conduct the research. The provided no compensation to Albert's mother for his participation in the study. It would be unethical by today's research standards. It did not use multiple pairings of an UCS with a NS.

It would be unethical by today's research standards.

_____ was the first to describe classical conditioning. Ivan Pavlov John Watson Edward Thorndike B.F. Skinner

Ivan Pavlov

Mrs. Collora teaches social studies to junior high school students. Two boys in her class often loudly make jokes about the material being discussed. She has tried several techniques without success: Next, she plans to give students a star for positive classroom participation. Students can exchange five stars to eliminate one question from their homework assignment. This is an example of: shaping. a primary reinforcer. insight learning. a token economy program.

a token economy program

Which two concepts can be thought of as opposite processes within the classical conditioning model? latent learning and insight learning acquisition and extinction continuous reinforcement and partial reinforcement punishment and reinforcement

acquisition and extinction

Stanley was diagnosed with lymphoma and had to undergo several months of chemotherapy. During this time he would become very nauseated as a side effect, and unintentionally came to associate that nausea with his favorite grilled cheese sandwich. Now, years later, even thinking about a grilled cheese sandwich makes him sick. In this example, Stanley's nauseous reaction to a grilled cheese sandwich is the ________. conditioned response conditioned stimulus unconditioned stimulus unconditioned response

conditioned response

Extinction occurs in classical conditioning by repeatedly presenting the _____. unconditioned response without the unconditioned stimulus conditioned response without the conditioned stimulus unconditioned stimulus without the unconditioned response conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus

conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus

Gabrielle watches her father put batteries into her toy phone, and she is then able to put the batteries into the toy phone herself without further instruction from her father. In this example, Gabrielle's father is a ________. response cognition stimulus model

model

Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ________. positive punishment negative reinforcement positive reinforcement negative punishment

negative reinforcement

Jamal suffers from severe migraines. His doctor prescribes him a new drug, Migrex, which takes away his migraine in no time! Jamal continues to take Migrex whenever he has a headache because it takes away the pain. What is this an example of? positive reinforcement negative punishment negative reinforcement positive punishment

negative reinforcement

In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________. neutral stimulus and a neutral response conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned response neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus neutral response and a conditioned response

neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

Dymesha watches her older sister do headstands. Dymesha falls over when she attempts to do a headstand herself. She watches her older sister more carefully, and she notices that her sister leans backward slightly to complete her headstand. Dymesha is then able to do headstands herself. Which type of learning is this? operant classical observational conditioning

observational

Byron watches as his dad hammers a nail into a piece of wood. Byron picks up his toy hammer and imitates his dad by hammering a plastic nail. Bryon is demonstrating _____. latent learning shaping observational learning spontaneous recovery

observational learning

Hideki tells a lie and is grounded. He does this several times, finally learning that his behavior (lying) is associated with a consequence (being grounded). Which kind of learning is this? imitation operant conditioning modeling classical conditioning

operant conditioning

________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities. operant classical primary secondary

primary

The difference between a reinforcer and a punisher is that _____. reinforcers are removed and punishers are added punishers strengthen behavior and reinforcers weaken behavior reinforcers strengthen behavior and punishers weaken behavior reinforcers are added and punishers are removed

reinforcers strengthen behavior and punishers weaken behavior

Which of the following is considered to be the conditioned response in Pavlov's experiment with dogs? salivating/drooling in response to the bell the food the bell salivating/drooling in response to the food

salivating/drooling in response to the bell

Sydney is learning how to play pool. At first, her uncle reinforces her for hitting any of the pool balls. Next, he only reinforces her for hitting the pool balls into a pocket. Finally, he only reinforcers her for hitting her own pool balls into a pocket. What operant conditioning technique is Sydney's uncle using to teach her how to play pool? latent learning shaping extinction counterconditioning

shaping

Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior? shaping acquisition reinforcement learning

shaping

After a hurricane warning came across the television, young Eli became terrified of the alarm sound that signaled a severe weather warning. Over the next few months he heard it several times when the "required monthly tests" came on the television, and his fear faded away. One day the alarm sounded and Eli jumped up and ran out of the room. This return of a previously extinguished response is called ________. spontaneous recovery operant conditioning latent learning second-level conditioning

spontaneous recovery

Debbie's cat, Trixie, will come when called only if Debbie gives her a Temptations salmon treat. Trixie will not come when called for any other treat. This is an example of _____. counterconditioning stimulus generalization stimulus discrimination exposure therapy

stimulus discrimination

You begin to salivate when you smell your favorite cake in the oven, but not when you smell the gross scent of a dirty diaper. This is an example of ________. operant conditioning stimulus generalization higher-order conditioning stimulus discrimination

stimulus discrimination

"Little Albert" learned to fear a white rat when it was paired with a loud noise. When "Little Albert" was presented with other similar stimuli that he had not been conditioned to fear, such as a white rabbit or white Santa Claus mask, he would scream and cry just the same. This is an example of _____. stimulus generalization exposure therapy extinction stimulus discrimination

stimulus generalization

You are a big fan of your grandmother's chocolate chip cookies. Just the smell of them causes you to feel hungry. One night she is making chocolate chip oatmeal almond cookies, a variation of her usual recipe. You smell the baking cookies and even though it is different than her usual cookie scent, you still suddenly feel hungry for a treat. This demonstrates the classical conditioning principle of ________. spontaneous recovery stimulus discrimination extinction stimulus generalization

stimulus generalization

Which of the following is an example of a reflex? the pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light addressing your elders as â sirâ or â maâ amâ because that is how you were raised jumping for joy when your favorite team wins a championship deciding that you want to be a parent

the pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience? instincts learning conditioning reflexes

learning

When Alex kisses Joanna, her heart rate increases. Alex always wears the same cologne. Now, whenever Joanna smells Alex's cologne, her heart starts to race. In this example, what is the conditioned stimulus? Joanna's heart racing when she smells the cologne Alex's kiss Joanna's heart racing when Alex kisses her Alex's cologne

Alex's cologne

_____ is defined as the gradual weakening and eventual disappearance of a learned (i.e., conditioned) response. Stimulus discrimination Conditioning Stimulus generalization Extinction

Extinction

In the operant conditioning techniques reinforcement and punishment, what do the terms positive and negative refer to? Positive refers to a pleasant stimulus and negative refers to an unpleasant stimulus. Positive refers to reinforcement and negative refers to punishment. Positive refers to a beneficial stimulus and negative refers to a harmful stimulus. Positive refers to a stimulus that is added and negative refers to a stimulus that is removed.

Positive refers to a stimulus that is added and negative refers to a stimulus that is removed.

Tabetha has a mental picture of the layout of her house, also called a ________, so when she comes home late at night she can navigate through the rooms without turning on a light. fixed interval map fixed ratio map cognitive map latent map

cognitive map

In Pavlov's classical conditioning, the term conditioned is approximately synonymous with the word ________. reactive learned instinctive reflexive

learned

In classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus must be presented _____ the presentation of an unconditioned stimulus in order for an association to be made. more often than less often than after before and during

before and during

Molly attempts to condition her puppy to greet her when she enters the house. She repeatedly pairs her entry to the house with a treat for the puppy. The puppy eventually acquires this ability, and Molly realizes how irritating it is for the puppy to run up to her every time she enters the house. She attempts to make the puppy stop, and eventually the puppy no longer feels motivated to greet her when she enters the house. The puppy no longer greeting her when she enters the house is an example of ________. conditioning learning acquisition extinction

extinction

What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert? boys display fear differently from girls fear cannot be a conditioned response fear can be a conditioned response boys display more fear than girls

fear can be a conditioned response

Birds migrating, cats chasing prey, sea turtles moving toward the ocean immediately after birth, and a joey (baby kangaroo) moving to its motherâ s pouch immediately after birth are all examples of ________. instincts learning reflexes conditioning

instincts

Which experiment involves the use of classical conditioning? rewarding a boy for finishing his vegetables with ice cream and counting how many nights of reinforcement are required before he voluntarily eats his vegetables determining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if he is only allowed to watch YouTube videos of people knitting knowing that a student fears exams, the instructor wears a bright red shirt only on exam day, every exam day, to see how long it is before the red shirt becomes an object of fear to the student blindfolding someone and timing him to see how long he takes to find a button hidden in a room

knowing that a student fears exams, the instructor wears a bright red shirt only on exam day, every exam day, to see how long it is before the red shirt becomes an object of fear to the student

Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ________ learning. partial primary conditioned latent

latent

Vince is failing Chemistry. Halfway through the year, his teacher, Mr. Nye, pairs him up with Lisa. Vince has had a crush on Lisa since the seventh grade and he really wants to impress her. Mr. Nye is shocked; since getting paired up with Lisa, Vince has gotten every question right! Vince is demonstrating _____. spontaneous recovery shaping latent learning observational learning

latent learning