Chapter 6 - Skeletal System
Osteocytes in lacunae receive oxygen and nutrients through small chambers known as:
canaliculi
Blood vessels and nerves are found in the _______ of the osteon.
central canal
The osteocytes receive blood and are connected to the _______ by way of the canaliculi.
central canal
Which type of bone tissue is heaviest?
compact bone
Bone-forming celsl which deposit bone matrix are called _______.
osteoblasts
Osteoprogenitor cells are found within the periosteum, endosteum and central canal and are involved in the formation of:
osteoblasts
As bone is being remodeled, _______ break down worn out cells.
osteoclasts
Cells which function to breakdown bone matrix during bone remodeling and are derived from white blood cells are called:
osteoclasts
A mature bone cell which is located in a lacunae is called an _______.
osteocyte
Once an osteoblast surrounds itself with bone matrix it matures into an _______.
osteocyte
Bone cells are called:
osteocytes
Mature bone cells that maintain the bone matrix are called:
osteocytes
The structures of an osteon include:
osteocytes; canaliculi; lamellae
Match the structures of an osteon to the letters on the diagram.
osteon; central canal; lamellae; spongy bone; perforating canal
Compact bone is made up of small cylinder-shaped sections called:
osteons
Weight-bearing exercises are important to maintain healthy bones and reduce the impact of
osteoporosis
Stem cells found within the periosteum, endosteum and central canal are _______ cells.
osteoprogenitor
The term ossification means:
the formation of bone
_______ cartilage is found at the ends of long bones where articulations occur.
Articular or Hyaline
True or false: Weight-bearing exercises will increase the degeneration of bone and cartilage.
False
True or false: Blood cells are formed in the red bone marrow.
True
True or false: The skeletal system functions in the storage of calcium ions that are needed for muscles and nervous reactions.
True
Bones can increase their width or diameter through _______ growth.
appositional
Bones grow in width or diameter by adding more matrix to the outer surface and allowing the bone to become thicker by:
appositional growth
The epiphysis is surrounded by a layer of hyaline cartilage known as:
articular cartilage
Match the structures of an osteon with their proper descriptions.
bone cells => osteocytes; vertical canals located in the center of osteons => central canal; concentric layers of compact bone => lamellae; channels that connect lacunae to the central canal => canaliculi; horizontal canals that connect osteons => perforating canal
Movement of the body is accomplished by muscles pulling on the
bones, periosteum, or skeleton
The bony matrix functions as a storage site for
calcium phosphate
A rounded knob found at a point of articulation on a bone is a:
condyle
As we age, bone and cartilage _______ causing our bones to become hard and brittle.
deteriorate
The shaft of a long bone located between the epiphyses is called the
diaphysis
Match each body system with the correct description of how it supports the functions of the skeletal system.
digestive system => absorbs calcium from food to be used in bone growth and repair; endocrine system => regulates the storage of calcium in bones and the growth of bones; cardiovascular system => transports oxygen and nutrients to the bones and removes wastes from the bones; muscular system => allows for movement of the skeleton
The region of a long bone consisting of hyaline cartilage that connects the epiphysis to the diaphysis is the _______ while the fused region of a mature long bone that connects the epiphysis to the diaphysis is the _______.
epiphyseal plate; epiphyseal line
The general term for the end of a long bone is
epiphysis
Identify the structures of a typical long bone:
epiphysis; diaphysis; articular cartilage; medullary cavity; periosteum
List the events of intramembranous ossification in the correct sequence:
fibrous connective tissue membranes form => connective tissue cells become osteoblasts => osteoblasts deposit a spongy bone matrix => osteoblasts from the periosteum form a protective layer of compact bone over the spongy bone => osteoblasts become osteocytes when they become surrounded by matrix
The term given to an opening in bones that allows other structures to enter and exit is:
foramen
List the sequence of events of endochondral ossification in the correct order:
hyaline cartilage model forms => primary ossification center forms in the middle of a developing bone => blood vessels and nerves penetrate the primary ossification center => secondary ossification centers form in the epiphyses => epiphyseal plate separates the diaphysis from the epiphysis
Most bones of the skull are formed via:
intramembranous ossification
The type of ossification that begins with the development of a hyaline cartilage model is:
intramembranous ossification
Bone cells are found in small chambers located between the lamellae. These chambers are called _______.
lacunae or lacuna
Match the basic bone shapes with the proper example:
long => thigh bone (femur); short => wrist bone (carpals); flat => most skull bones; irregular => bones of the spine (vertebrae)
The five basic shapes of bones are:
long; short; irregular; flat; round
Yellow marrow is located in the ________ cavity of long bones while red marrow fills the spaces of tissue called _______ bone.
medullary; spongy or cancellous
The functions of the skeleton include
movement; storage; protection; support
Ligaments and tendons are anchored to the bones by the:
periosteum
Movement of the body is accomplished by muscles pulling on the _______.
periosteum
The fibrous connective tissue membrane that liens the outer surface of a bone is the:
periosteum
The epiphyseal _______ consists of hyaline cartilage in bones that remains between the epiphysis and the diaphysis.
plate
In adult bones, the spaces in spongy bone tissue are filled with _______ bone marrow while the medullary cavity is filled with _______ bone marrow.
red; yellow
Red bone marrow is found:
skull of adults; vertebrae of adults; spongy bone; medullary cavities of long bones in infants
Spongy bone consists of bony bars and thin plates of bone called:
trabeculae
A large oval knob that is found only on the femur is a _______.
trochanter
The medullary cavity in adult long bones is filled with _______ bone marrow, which contains large amounts of fat.
yellow