Chapter 6 - Skeletal System

Osteocytes in lacunae receive oxygen and nutrients through small chambers known as:

canaliculi

Blood vessels and nerves are found in the _______ of the osteon.

central canal

The osteocytes receive blood and are connected to the _______ by way of the canaliculi.

central canal

Which type of bone tissue is heaviest?

compact bone

Bone-forming celsl which deposit bone matrix are called _______.

osteoblasts

Osteoprogenitor cells are found within the periosteum, endosteum and central canal and are involved in the formation of:

osteoblasts

As bone is being remodeled, _______ break down worn out cells.

osteoclasts

Cells which function to breakdown bone matrix during bone remodeling and are derived from white blood cells are called:

osteoclasts

A mature bone cell which is located in a lacunae is called an _______.

osteocyte

Once an osteoblast surrounds itself with bone matrix it matures into an _______.

osteocyte

Bone cells are called:

osteocytes

Mature bone cells that maintain the bone matrix are called:

osteocytes

The structures of an osteon include:

osteocytes; canaliculi; lamellae

Match the structures of an osteon to the letters on the diagram.

osteon; central canal; lamellae; spongy bone; perforating canal

Compact bone is made up of small cylinder-shaped sections called:

osteons

Weight-bearing exercises are important to maintain healthy bones and reduce the impact of

osteoporosis

Stem cells found within the periosteum, endosteum and central canal are _______ cells.

osteoprogenitor

The term ossification means:

the formation of bone

_______ cartilage is found at the ends of long bones where articulations occur.

Articular or Hyaline

True or false: Weight-bearing exercises will increase the degeneration of bone and cartilage.

False

True or false: Blood cells are formed in the red bone marrow.

True

True or false: The skeletal system functions in the storage of calcium ions that are needed for muscles and nervous reactions.

True

Bones can increase their width or diameter through _______ growth.

appositional

Bones grow in width or diameter by adding more matrix to the outer surface and allowing the bone to become thicker by:

appositional growth

The epiphysis is surrounded by a layer of hyaline cartilage known as:

articular cartilage

Match the structures of an osteon with their proper descriptions.

bone cells => osteocytes; vertical canals located in the center of osteons => central canal; concentric layers of compact bone => lamellae; channels that connect lacunae to the central canal => canaliculi; horizontal canals that connect osteons => perforating canal

Movement of the body is accomplished by muscles pulling on the

bones, periosteum, or skeleton

The bony matrix functions as a storage site for

calcium phosphate

A rounded knob found at a point of articulation on a bone is a:

condyle

As we age, bone and cartilage _______ causing our bones to become hard and brittle.

deteriorate

The shaft of a long bone located between the epiphyses is called the

diaphysis

Match each body system with the correct description of how it supports the functions of the skeletal system.

digestive system => absorbs calcium from food to be used in bone growth and repair; endocrine system => regulates the storage of calcium in bones and the growth of bones; cardiovascular system => transports oxygen and nutrients to the bones and removes wastes from the bones; muscular system => allows for movement of the skeleton

The region of a long bone consisting of hyaline cartilage that connects the epiphysis to the diaphysis is the _______ while the fused region of a mature long bone that connects the epiphysis to the diaphysis is the _______.

epiphyseal plate; epiphyseal line

The general term for the end of a long bone is

epiphysis

Identify the structures of a typical long bone:

epiphysis; diaphysis; articular cartilage; medullary cavity; periosteum

List the events of intramembranous ossification in the correct sequence:

fibrous connective tissue membranes form => connective tissue cells become osteoblasts => osteoblasts deposit a spongy bone matrix => osteoblasts from the periosteum form a protective layer of compact bone over the spongy bone => osteoblasts become osteocytes when they become surrounded by matrix

The term given to an opening in bones that allows other structures to enter and exit is:

foramen

List the sequence of events of endochondral ossification in the correct order:

hyaline cartilage model forms => primary ossification center forms in the middle of a developing bone => blood vessels and nerves penetrate the primary ossification center => secondary ossification centers form in the epiphyses => epiphyseal plate separates the diaphysis from the epiphysis

Most bones of the skull are formed via:

intramembranous ossification

The type of ossification that begins with the development of a hyaline cartilage model is:

intramembranous ossification

Bone cells are found in small chambers located between the lamellae. These chambers are called _______.

lacunae or lacuna

Match the basic bone shapes with the proper example:

long => thigh bone (femur); short => wrist bone (carpals); flat => most skull bones; irregular => bones of the spine (vertebrae)

The five basic shapes of bones are:

long; short; irregular; flat; round

Yellow marrow is located in the ________ cavity of long bones while red marrow fills the spaces of tissue called _______ bone.

medullary; spongy or cancellous

The functions of the skeleton include

movement; storage; protection; support

Ligaments and tendons are anchored to the bones by the:

periosteum

Movement of the body is accomplished by muscles pulling on the _______.

periosteum

The fibrous connective tissue membrane that liens the outer surface of a bone is the:

periosteum

The epiphyseal _______ consists of hyaline cartilage in bones that remains between the epiphysis and the diaphysis.

plate

In adult bones, the spaces in spongy bone tissue are filled with _______ bone marrow while the medullary cavity is filled with _______ bone marrow.

red; yellow

Red bone marrow is found:

skull of adults; vertebrae of adults; spongy bone; medullary cavities of long bones in infants

Spongy bone consists of bony bars and thin plates of bone called:

trabeculae

A large oval knob that is found only on the femur is a _______.

trochanter

The medullary cavity in adult long bones is filled with _______ bone marrow, which contains large amounts of fat.

yellow