Chapter 6: Socioemotional Development in Infancy

A slow-to-warm-up child has a ______ activity level, is somewhat ______, and displays ______ intensity of mood.

low; negative; low

Which of the following has been linked to adaptive emotion regulation in children?

maternal sensitivity

Which two of the following has developmental social neuroscience linked to mother-infant attachment?

oxytocin dopamine

The enduring personal characteristics of the individual are known as .

personality, traits, or personality traits

Which type of infant smile does NOT depend on external stimuli?

reflexive

Caregivers of ______ babies tend to be inconsistent when responding to their babies.

resistant

Which of the following actions soothe infants?

rocking and stroking thumb sucking singing lullabies

Match the type of infant attachment with its caregiver description

secure : sensitive, consistent avoidant : unavailable, rejecting, irritable resistant : inconsistent, unaffectionate disorganized : neglectful, abusive

What term describes an infant who sees the caregiver as a base from which to explore the environment?

securely attached

Which type of emotion requires self-awareness and a sense of "me"?

self-conscious

The term protest is used to describe the behavior of infants who cry when their caregiver leaves them.

separation

An infant's fear of a caregiver leaving, which results in crying when the caregiver leaves, is called

separation protest

Baby Julio isn't very active and shows a low intensity of mood. According to Chess and Thomas' temperament classification system, Julio is a(n) ______ child.

slow-to-warm-up

Chess and Thomas' classification system placed children into which categories of temperament?

slow-to-warm-up easy difficult

Gaia is a happy and cheerful baby. Luis is cranky and cries a lot. The difference between the two babies is best described as a difference in

temperament.

Individuals' behavioral style and characteristic way of responding is referred to as their

temperament.

Which of the following are the three recognized types of infant cries?

the pain cry the anger cry the basic cry

Stranger anxiety in infants tends to be influenced by which of the following?

the social context the characteristic of the stranger

True or false: Personality in infants is thought to involve a sense of self, trust, self-recognition, and independence.

true

The current U.S. policy on parental leave is to allow

up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave.

A (reflexive/social) smile in an infant does not occur in response to external stimuli, but a (reflexive/social) smile does.

Blank 1: reflexive Blank 2: social

Which theorists developed a temperament classification system in which most children are considered to be easy, difficult, or slow-to-warm-up?

Chess and Thomas

Baby Marlow uses mom as a base from which to explore the environment. When mom leaves, he protests mildly, and when mom returns, he reestablishes positive interactions with her. Which of Ainsworth's categories best describes Marlow?

He is a securely attached baby.

Which of the following statements are true of stranger anxiety?

It appears at about 6 months of age.

Which of the following statements are true regarding face-to-face play?

It begins when the infant is about 2 to 3 months of age. It includes vocalization, touch, and gestures.

The close emotional bond between between two people is known as

attachment

A(n) ______ cry is a rhythmic pattern that usually consists of a cry, followed by a briefer silence, then a shorter whistle that is higher pitched than the main cry, and then a brief rest before the next cry.

basic

In infancy, emotions play important roles in which of the following?

communication with others behavioral organization

Six-month-old John often reacts negatively and cries frequently. He also is not very adaptive. According to Chess and Thomas' classification system, he is most likely a(n) child.

difficult

According to Chess and Thomas' temperament classification system, a(n) child is one who reacts negatively and cries frequently, engages in irregular daily routines, and is slow to accept change.

difficult or hard

The social system of the family has ______ and ______ effects on the members.

direct; indirect

Caregivers of insecure ______ babies often neglect or physically abuse them.

disorganized

According to Chess and Thomas' temperament classification system, a(n) child is generally in a positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, and adapts readily to new experiences.

easy

Eight-month-old Roger is usually in a positive mood, is adaptive, and conforms readily to household routines. According to Chess & Thomas' classification system, he is a(n) child.

easy

A positive family climate for children and adolescents involves which two of the following?

effective parenting marital satisfaction between parents

A feeling or affect that occurs when individuals are in a state or an interaction that is important to them, especially to their well-being, is called an .

emotion or feeling

A feeling or affect that occurs when people are in a state or an interaction that is important to them, especially to their well-being is known as a/an

emotion.

Infants communicate important aspects of their lives such as joy, sadness, interest, and fear through

emotions.

True or false: The United States has led the way in providing paid parental leave to care for a newborn.

false: Europe has led the way in creating a new standard of parental leave, whereas the United States currently allows workers to take only unpaid leave.

The match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands with which the child must cope is known by the term

goodness of fit.

What emotion would an infant younger than 6 months be UNLIKELY to experience?

guilt

Research has found that decreases in infants' negative emotionality are linked to which of the following?

higher parental involvement higher levels of parental sensitivity higher levels of parental responsiveness

Scientists in the field of social neuroscience are MOST LIKELY to study which of the following factors?

hormones the brain mother-infant attachment

Which of the following theorists proposed influential theories of infant attachment?

Erikson Bowlby Freud

______ play encourages infants to prefer people over objects.

Face-to-face