chapter 6 test 2 intro
Weight-bearing portion of the vertebra
body
middle part of the sternum
body
Which of these types of joints exhibits the greatest amount of movement? A) cartilaginous joints B) gomphoses C) sutures D) syndesmoses E) synovial joints
e
Bone is formed in thin sheets of extracellular matrix called (1) , with bone cells, called (2) between the lamellae. The osteocytes are located within spaces called (3) . Cell processes extend from the osteocytes across the extracellular matrix of the lamellae within tiny canals called (4) 2
osteocytes
projection from a bone
process
First seven pairs of ribs that attach directly to the sternum
true ribs
lump on a bone
tubercle, tuberosity
All of the following are functions of the skeletal system EXCEPT: A) blood cell production B) protection C) storage D) heat production E) support
a
As a long bone increases in diameter, the medullary cavity a. increases in size. b. decreases in size. c. does not change in size.
a
The largest foramen in the skull is the A) foramen magnum. B) optic foramen. C) nasolacrimal canal. D) foramen ovale. E) foramen rotundum.
a
The weight-bearing portion of a vertebra is the a. vertebral arch. b. articular process. c. body. d. transverse process. e. spinous process.
a
Which of these is a tunnel-like passage through a bone? a. canal or meatus b. condyle c. foramen d. fossa e. process
a
Which of these parts of the upper limb is NOT correctly matched with the number of bones in that part? a. arm: 1 b. forearm: 2 c. wrist: 10 d. palm of hand: 5 e. fingers: 14
a
primary ossification centers of a long bone are found in the a. diaphysis. b. epiphysis. c. perichondrium. d. periosteum. e. articular cartilage
a
head of femur
acetabulum
Projection from the scapular spine that forms the point of the shoulder; point of attachment of the clavicle
acromion process
Cartilage that provides a smooth surface where bones meet
articular cartilage
Where vertebrae articulate with each other
articular process
First cervical vertebra; allows a "yes" motion of the head
atlas
The ____ skeleton is divided into the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage
axial
Endochondral ossification A) occurs primarily in the bones of the skull. B) involves calcification of the cartilage matrix. C) produces bone in connective tissue membranes. D) occurs when chondrocytes replace osteoblasts in the matrix
b
Intramembranous ossification a. occurs at the epiphyseal plate. b. gives rise to the flat bones of the skull. c. is responsible for increased diameter of bone. d. develops from a cartilage model.
b
The ends of long bones are called A) diaphyses. B) epiphyses. C) lamellae. D) trabeculae.
b
The prime function of osteoclasts is to a. prevent osteoblasts from forming. b. break down bone. c. produce calcium salts and collagen fibers. d. change spongy bone to cartilage
b
The wrist consists of eight ______ bones, whereas the ankle consists of seven ______ bones. A) tarsal, carpal. B) carpal, tarsal. C) metacarpal, metatarsal. D) metatarsal, metacarpal. E) metacarpal, phalanges.
b
When blood calcium levels are too high, __________ are activated by __________ which is a hormone from the __________ gland. A) osteoblasts; PTH; thyroid B) osteoblasts; calcitonin; thyroid C) osteoblasts; calcitonin; parathyroid D) osteoclasts; calcitonin; parathyroid E) osteoclasts; PTH; parathyroid
b
Which of these connective tissue types has proteoglycans in its extracellular matrix? A) bone B) cartilage C) ligaments D) tendons E) both c and d
b
Each long bone consists of a shaft, called the (1) , and a(n) (2) at each end of the bone. A long bone that is still growing has a(n) (3) , composed of cartilage, between each epiphysis and the diaphysis. When bone growth stops, the epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone, and is called the (4) . The large cavity in the diaphysis is called the (5) . This space, and other spaces are filled with soft tissue called (6) . Yellow marrow consists mostly of (7) , whereas red marrow consists of (8) cells. Most of the outer surface of the bone is covered by a connective tissue layer called the (9) , which contains blood vessels and nerves. The medullary cavity is lined with a thinner connective tissue membrane, the (10) . The periosteum and endosteum contain (11) , which function in the formation, repair, and remodeling of bone. 8
blood forming
Cancellous (spongy) bone consists of delicate interconnecting rods or plates of bone called (1) . The spaces between the trabeculae are filled with (2) . Each trabecula consists of several lamellae, with (3) between the lamellae. Usually no (4) penetrate the trabeculae, and the trabeculae have no central canals. Nutrients pass by diffusion through the (5) to the osteocytes of the trabeculae 4
blood vessels
Most of the lamellae of compact bone are organized into sets of concentric rings with each set surrounding a (1) . Within the central canal are (2) that run parallel to the long axis of the bone. Each central canal with the lamellae and osteocytes surrounding it, is called a(n) (3) . The osteocytes are connected to each other by cell processes located in (4) . Blood vessels in the (5) supply blood to vessels in the central canal. 2
blood vessels
extracellular matrix is made up of collagen and minerals
bone
Extension of the synovial membrane that forms a pocket or sac; reduces friction where structures would rub together.
bursa
A break in the shaft of a bone is a break in the a. epiphysis. b. perichondrium. c. diaphysis. d. articular cartilage
c
Bone cells that are responsible for the formation of bone are A) osteoclasts. B) osteocytes. C) osteoblasts. D) chondroblasts. E) chondrocytes.
c
Bones of the skull, the sternum, and the scapula are all examples of _____ bones. A) long B) short C) flat D) irregular
c
Given these events: 1. cancellous bone is formed; 2. cancellous bone is remodeled to compact bone; 3. clot is formed; 4. fibrous network and cartilage form a callus. Arrange the events in the correct order that they occur during bone repair. A) 1,2,3,4 B) 2,3,4,1 C) 3,4,1,2 D) 4,3,1,2 E) 4,3,2,1
c
Process that forms the outer ankle? a. lateral condyle b. lateral epicondyle c. lateral tuberosity d. lateral malleolus e. none of the above
c
Regarding skeletal system function, A) bone often serves as a model for cartilage growth. B) tendons connect bone to bone. C) blood cells are produced in the marrow of many bones. D) cartilage serves as an important mineral storage area. E) all of these.
c
The passageway that carries tears from the eyes to the nasal cavity is a. the nasolacrimal canal. b. the optic foramen. c. the orbital fissure. d. the foramen magnum
c
The perpendicular plate of the ethmoid and the ______ form the nasal septum. a. zygomatic arch b. nasal bone c. nasal conchae d. vomer
c
The squamous suture joins the a. frontal and temporal bones. b. frontal and parietal bones. c. parietal and temporal bones. d. parietal and occipital bones.
c
The surface of the medullary cavity is lined with a connective tissue membrane called A) periosteum. B) epiphyseal plates. C) endosteum. D) perichondrium. E) lamellae
c
The term that means a depression in a bone is A) foramen. B) canal or meatus. C) fossa. D) sinus. E) fissure
c
Transverse foramina are found only in a. cervical vertebrae. b. thoracic vertebrae. c. lumbar vertebrae. d. the sacrum. e. the coccyx
c
Two bones that have prominent epicondyles are the A) radius and ulna. B) tibia and fibula. C) femur and humerus. D) femur and scapula. E) tibia and radius
c
Inferior to the talus; protrudes posteriorly to form the heel
calcaneus
As osteoblasts deposit new bone matrix on the surface of bones between the periosteum and the existing bone, the bone increases in (1) . Growth in the (2) of a bone, which is the major source of increased height in an individual, occurs in the (3) . Just as in endochondral ossification, (4) increase in number. Within the (5) zone, the chondrocytes line up in columns, hypertrophy, and die. The cartilage matrix is (6) , and (7) start forming bone matrix on the surface of the calcified cartilage. This process produces a zone of (8) on the diaphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate. 6
calcified
Intramembranous ossification occurs when osteoblasts begin to produce bone in ossification centers of (1) membranes. Endochondral ossification begins with a (2) , which has the general shape of the mature bone. The chondrocytes of the cartilage model increase in number, hypertrophy, and die and the cartilage matrix becomes (3) , forming an ossification center. When chondrocytes die, (4) invade spaces in the center of the bone and produce bone matrix; (5) remove bone and calcified cartilage to form the medullary cavity. The center part of the diaphysis where bone first begins to appear is called the (6) . Later, (7) form in the epiphyses 3
calcified
Bone remodeling involves the removal of old bone by (1) , and the deposition of new bone by (2) . Bone is the major storage site for (3) in the body. Calcium is removed from bones when blood calcium levels (4) , and it is deposited when dietary calcium is adequate. When a bone is broken, the bone bleeds, and a (5) is formed in the damaged area. Cells from surrounding tissue invade and form a fibrous network with islets of cartilage, which holds the bone fragments together. The zone of tissue repair between the two bone fragments is called a (6) . Osteoblasts enter the callus and begin forming (7) bone, which is later remodeled 3
calcium
Most of the mineral in bone is in the form of _____ ____ crystals called hydroxyapatite.
calcium phosphate
Bone remodeling involves the removal of old bone by (1) , and the deposition of new bone by (2) . Bone is the major storage site for (3) in the body. Calcium is removed from bones when blood calcium levels (4) , and it is deposited when dietary calcium is adequate. When a bone is broken, the bone bleeds, and a (5) is formed in the damaged area. Cells from surrounding tissue invade and form a fibrous network with islets of cartilage, which holds the bone fragments together. The zone of tissue repair between the two bone fragments is called a (6) . Osteoblasts enter the callus and begin forming (7) bone, which is later remodeled 6
callus
tunnel like passage through a bone
canal, meatus
Bone is formed in thin sheets of extracellular matrix called (1) , with bone cells, called (2) between the lamellae. The osteocytes are located within spaces called (3) . Cell processes extend from the osteocytes across the extracellular matrix of the lamellae within tiny canals called (4) 4
canaliculi
Cancellous (spongy) bone consists of delicate interconnecting rods or plates of bone called (1) . The spaces between the trabeculae are filled with (2) . Each trabecula consists of several lamellae, with (3) between the lamellae. Usually no (4) penetrate the trabeculae, and the trabeculae have no central canals. Nutrients pass by diffusion through the (5) to the osteocytes of the trabeculae 5
canaliculi
Most of the lamellae of compact bone are organized into sets of concentric rings with each set surrounding a (1) . Within the central canal are (2) that run parallel to the long axis of the bone. Each central canal with the lamellae and osteocytes surrounding it, is called a(n) (3) . The osteocytes are connected to each other by cell processes located in (4) . Blood vessels in the (5) supply blood to vessels in the central canal. 4
canaliculi
Bone remodeling involves the removal of old bone by (1) , and the deposition of new bone by (2) . Bone is the major storage site for (3) in the body. Calcium is removed from bones when blood calcium levels (4) , and it is deposited when dietary calcium is adequate. When a bone is broken, the bone bleeds, and a (5) is formed in the damaged area. Cells from surrounding tissue invade and form a fibrous network with islets of cartilage, which holds the bone fragments together. The zone of tissue repair between the two bone fragments is called a (6) . Osteoblasts enter the callus and begin forming (7) bone, which is later remodeled 7
cancellous
extracellular matrix is made up of collagen and proteoglycans
cartilage
Intramembranous ossification occurs when osteoblasts begin to produce bone in ossification centers of (1) membranes. Endochondral ossification begins with a (2) , which has the general shape of the mature bone. The chondrocytes of the cartilage model increase in number, hypertrophy, and die and the cartilage matrix becomes (3) , forming an ossification center. When chondrocytes die, (4) invade spaces in the center of the bone and produce bone matrix; (5) remove bone and calcified cartilage to form the medullary cavity. The center part of the diaphysis where bone first begins to appear is called the (6) . Later, (7) form in the epiphyses 2
cartilage model
two bones united by cartilage; only slight movement can occur at these joint
cartilaginous
Most of the lamellae of compact bone are organized into sets of concentric rings with each set surrounding a (1) . Within the central canal are (2) that run parallel to the long axis of the bone. Each central canal with the lamellae and osteocytes surrounding it, is called a(n) (3) . The osteocytes are connected to each other by cell processes located in (4) . Blood vessels in the (5) supply blood to vessels in the central canal. 1
central canal
Have transverse foramina and partly split spinous processes.
cervical
There are seven of these vertebrae in the vertebral column
cervical
As osteoblasts deposit new bone matrix on the surface of bones between the periosteum and the existing bone, the bone increases in (1) . Growth in the (2) of a bone, which is the major source of increased height in an individual, occurs in the (3) . Just as in endochondral ossification, (4) increase in number. Within the (5) zone, the chondrocytes line up in columns, hypertrophy, and die. The cartilage matrix is (6) , and (7) start forming bone matrix on the surface of the calcified cartilage. This process produces a zone of (8) on the diaphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate. 4
chondrocytes
Bone remodeling involves the removal of old bone by (1) , and the deposition of new bone by (2) . Bone is the major storage site for (3) in the body. Calcium is removed from bones when blood calcium levels (4) , and it is deposited when dietary calcium is adequate. When a bone is broken, the bone bleeds, and a (5) is formed in the damaged area. Cells from surrounding tissue invade and form a fibrous network with islets of cartilage, which holds the bone fragments together. The zone of tissue repair between the two bone fragments is called a (6) . Osteoblasts enter the callus and begin forming (7) bone, which is later remodeled 5
clot
Tailbone, usually consisting of four fused vertebrae.
coccyx
smooth, rounded end of a bone, where it forms a joint with another bone
condyle
proximal end of tibia
condyles of femur
Intramembranous ossification occurs when osteoblasts begin to produce bone in ossification centers of (1) membranes. Endochondral ossification begins with a (2) , which has the general shape of the mature bone. The chondrocytes of the cartilage model increase in number, hypertrophy, and die and the cartilage matrix becomes (3) , forming an ossification center. When chondrocytes die, (4) invade spaces in the center of the bone and produce bone matrix; (5) remove bone and calcified cartilage to form the medullary cavity. The center part of the diaphysis where bone first begins to appear is called the (6) . Later, (7) form in the epiphyses 1
connective tissue
Projection from the scapula that curves below the clavicle and provides attachment for arm and chest muscles.
coracoid process
Subdivision of the skull that protects the brain
cranial vault
Cancellous bone A) has no osteocytes. B) is mainly located in the diaphyses of long bones. C) is composed of delicate interconnecting rods or plates called epiphyses. D) has spaces filled with marrow. E) forms the outer surface of most bones other than long bones.
d
During bone growth at the epiphyseal plate, _____ increase in number, hypertrophy, and die. a. osteocytes. b. osteoblasts. c. osteoclasts. d. chondrocytes.
d
In compact bone, the osteocytes are connected to each other by tiny cell processes extending through tiny canals called a. lamellae. b. lacunae. c. central canals. d. canaliculi
d
Once a doorknob is grasped with the right hand, what movement of the forearm is necessary to unlatch the door (turn in a clockwise direction)? a. pronation b. rotation c. flexion d. supination e. extension
d
Which of these bones does NOT contain a paranasal sinus? a. ethmoid b. sphenoid c. temporal d. frontal e. maxilla
d
Which of these connective tissue structures cover the surface of mature bones? a. perichondrium b. periosteum c. hyaline cartilage d. b and c
d
Which of these pairs of bones or structures do NOT articulate with each other? a. mandible - temporal bone b. maxillary bone - palatine bone c. scapula - clavicle d. head of the ulna - humerus e. acetabulum of coxa - femur
d
Which of these types of joints contain fibrous connective tissue? a. syndesmosis b. suture c. gomphosis d. a and b e. all of the abov
d
Which vertebrae have long, thin spinous processes and possess articular facets on their lateral surfaces to articulate with ribs? A) cervical B) sacral. C) lumbar. D) thoracic. E) coccyx
d
Bone remodeling involves the removal of old bone by (1) , and the deposition of new bone by (2) . Bone is the major storage site for (3) in the body. Calcium is removed from bones when blood calcium levels (4) , and it is deposited when dietary calcium is adequate. When a bone is broken, the bone bleeds, and a (5) is formed in the damaged area. Cells from surrounding tissue invade and form a fibrous network with islets of cartilage, which holds the bone fragments together. The zone of tissue repair between the two bone fragments is called a (6) . Osteoblasts enter the callus and begin forming (7) bone, which is later remodeled 4
decrease
As osteoblasts deposit new bone matrix on the surface of bones between the periosteum and the existing bone, the bone increases in (1) . Growth in the (2) of a bone, which is the major source of increased height in an individual, occurs in the (3) . Just as in endochondral ossification, (4) increase in number. Within the (5) zone, the chondrocytes line up in columns, hypertrophy, and die. The cartilage matrix is (6) , and (7) start forming bone matrix on the surface of the calcified cartilage. This process produces a zone of (8) on the diaphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate. 1
diameter
Each long bone consists of a shaft, called the (1) , and a(n) (2) at each end of the bone. A long bone that is still growing has a(n) (3) , composed of cartilage, between each epiphysis and the diaphysis. When bone growth stops, the epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone, and is called the (4) . The large cavity in the diaphysis is called the (5) . This space, and other spaces are filled with soft tissue called (6) . Yellow marrow consists mostly of (7) , whereas red marrow consists of (8) cells. Most of the outer surface of the bone is covered by a connective tissue layer called the (9) , which contains blood vessels and nerves. The medullary cavity is lined with a thinner connective tissue membrane, the (10) . The periosteum and endosteum contain (11) , which function in the formation, repair, and remodeling of bone. 1
diaphysis
semilunar notch
distal end of humerus
Bone matrix contains a. collagen. b. calcium and phosphate. c. proteoglycan. d. chondrocytes. e. both a and b
e
Each osteon contains A) lamellae. B) a central canal. C) osteocytes in lacunae. D) canaliculi. E) all of these
e
In the healing of bone fractures a. a blood clot forms around the break. b. a callus is formed. c. cancellous bone is formed in the callus. d. the callus may eventually disappear. e. all of the above
e
Raising your arm to point at something straight ahead of you involves A) abduction of the arm. B) adduction of the arm. C) circumduction of the arm. D) extension of the arm. E) flexion of the arm
e
Which of these is a function of bone? a. internal support and protection b. provide attachment for muscles c. mineral storage d. blood cell formation e. all of the above
e
Which of these is characteristic of a synovial joint? a. articular surfaces covered with cartilage b. joint capsule c. synovial membrane d. synovial fluid e. all of the above
e
Ossification process that produces most of the skeletal system
endochondral ossifcation
Each long bone consists of a shaft, called the (1) , and a(n) (2) at each end of the bone. A long bone that is still growing has a(n) (3) , composed of cartilage, between each epiphysis and the diaphysis. When bone growth stops, the epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone, and is called the (4) . The large cavity in the diaphysis is called the (5) . This space, and other spaces are filled with soft tissue called (6) . Yellow marrow consists mostly of (7) , whereas red marrow consists of (8) cells. Most of the outer surface of the bone is covered by a connective tissue layer called the (9) , which contains blood vessels and nerves. The medullary cavity is lined with a thinner connective tissue membrane, the (10) . The periosteum and endosteum contain (11) , which function in the formation, repair, and remodeling of bone. 10
endosteum
Location where forearm muscles attach to the humerus.
epicondyles
Each long bone consists of a shaft, called the (1) , and a(n) (2) at each end of the bone. A long bone that is still growing has a(n) (3) , composed of cartilage, between each epiphysis and the diaphysis. When bone growth stops, the epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone, and is called the (4) . The large cavity in the diaphysis is called the (5) . This space, and other spaces are filled with soft tissue called (6) . Yellow marrow consists mostly of (7) , whereas red marrow consists of (8) cells. Most of the outer surface of the bone is covered by a connective tissue layer called the (9) , which contains blood vessels and nerves. The medullary cavity is lined with a thinner connective tissue membrane, the (10) . The periosteum and endosteum contain (11) , which function in the formation, repair, and remodeling of bone. 4
epiphyseal line
As osteoblasts deposit new bone matrix on the surface of bones between the periosteum and the existing bone, the bone increases in (1) . Growth in the (2) of a bone, which is the major source of increased height in an individual, occurs in the (3) . Just as in endochondral ossification, (4) increase in number. Within the (5) zone, the chondrocytes line up in columns, hypertrophy, and die. The cartilage matrix is (6) , and (7) start forming bone matrix on the surface of the calcified cartilage. This process produces a zone of (8) on the diaphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate. 3
epiphyseal plate
Each long bone consists of a shaft, called the (1) , and a(n) (2) at each end of the bone. A long bone that is still growing has a(n) (3) , composed of cartilage, between each epiphysis and the diaphysis. When bone growth stops, the epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone, and is called the (4) . The large cavity in the diaphysis is called the (5) . This space, and other spaces are filled with soft tissue called (6) . Yellow marrow consists mostly of (7) , whereas red marrow consists of (8) cells. Most of the outer surface of the bone is covered by a connective tissue layer called the (9) , which contains blood vessels and nerves. The medullary cavity is lined with a thinner connective tissue membrane, the (10) . The periosteum and endosteum contain (11) , which function in the formation, repair, and remodeling of bone. 2
epiphysis
Each long bone consists of a shaft, called the (1) , and a(n) (2) at each end of the bone. A long bone that is still growing has a(n) (3) , composed of cartilage, between each epiphysis and the diaphysis. When bone growth stops, the epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone, and is called the (4) . The large cavity in the diaphysis is called the (5) . This space, and other spaces are filled with soft tissue called (6) . Yellow marrow consists mostly of (7) , whereas red marrow consists of (8) cells. Most of the outer surface of the bone is covered by a connective tissue layer called the (9) , which contains blood vessels and nerves. The medullary cavity is lined with a thinner connective tissue membrane, the (10) . The periosteum and endosteum contain (11) , which function in the formation, repair, and remodeling of bone. 3
epipyseal plate
Projections lateral to the condyles on the distal end of femur
epiycondyles
Temporal bone canal; allows sound to reach the eardrum
external auditory meatus
Connective tissue consists of cells separated from each other by an ____ ____
extracellular matrix
Bones that form the structure of the face, but do not contribute to the cranial vault
facial bone
Each long bone consists of a shaft, called the (1) , and a(n) (2) at each end of the bone. A long bone that is still growing has a(n) (3) , composed of cartilage, between each epiphysis and the diaphysis. When bone growth stops, the epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone, and is called the (4) . The large cavity in the diaphysis is called the (5) . This space, and other spaces are filled with soft tissue called (6) . Yellow marrow consists mostly of (7) , whereas red marrow consists of (8) cells. Most of the outer surface of the bone is covered by a connective tissue layer called the (9) , which contains blood vessels and nerves. The medullary cavity is lined with a thinner connective tissue membrane, the (10) . The periosteum and endosteum contain (11) , which function in the formation, repair, and remodeling of bone. 7
fat
two bones united by fibrous tissue; exhibit little or no movement
fibrous
Bones such as the ribs, scapula, and sternum
flat
11th and 12th ribs which have no attachment to the sternum
floating ribs
hole in bone
foramen
Opening through which the spinal cord connects to the brain
foramen magnum
depression in a bone
fossa
Wide sutures (soft spots) present in newborns
frontanels
Depression where the head of the humerus articulates with the scapula
glenoid fossa
Fibrous joints consisting of pegs fitted into sockets.
gomphoses
Location for shoulder muscles to attach to the humerus
greater and lesser tubercles
glenoid fossa
head of humerus
humerus and ulna
head of radius
carpals
head of ulna
Two parts that form the hard palate.
horizontal plate of palatine and palatine process of maxilla
Bone that "floats" in the neck and is the attachment site for throat and tongue muscles
hyoid bone
Ossification process that occurs primarily in the flat bones of the skull
inframembranous ossifcation
Bone formation that occurs within connective tissue membranes.
inframembranous ossification
Dense fibrous connective tissue that separates vertebrae
intervertebral disk
Where the spinal nerves exit the vertebral column
intervertebral foramia
Bones such as the vertebrae and facial bones
irregular
Surrounds the joint cavity; portions may be thickened to form ligaments.
joint capsule
The space surrounding the ends of articulating bones
joint cavity
depression at the superior end of the sternum
jugular notch
Bone is formed in thin sheets of extracellular matrix called (1) , with bone cells, called (2) between the lamellae. The osteocytes are located within spaces called (3) . Cell processes extend from the osteocytes across the extracellular matrix of the lamellae within tiny canals called (4) 3
lacunae
Bone is formed in thin sheets of extracellular matrix called (1) , with bone cells, called (2) between the lamellae. The osteocytes are located within spaces called (3) . Cell processes extend from the osteocytes across the extracellular matrix of the lamellae within tiny canals called (4) 1
lamellae
Two parts that form the vertebral arch
lamina and pedicle
As osteoblasts deposit new bone matrix on the surface of bones between the periosteum and the existing bone, the bone increases in (1) . Growth in the (2) of a bone, which is the major source of increased height in an individual, occurs in the (3) . Just as in endochondral ossification, (4) increase in number. Within the (5) zone, the chondrocytes line up in columns, hypertrophy, and die. The cartilage matrix is (6) , and (7) start forming bone matrix on the surface of the calcified cartilage. This process produces a zone of (8) on the diaphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate. 2
length
extracellular matrix is made up primarily of collagen
ligaments, tendons
Bones longer than they are wide, e.g., limb bones
long
There are four types of bone, described by their shape as
long, short, flat, and irregular
Superior articular facets of these vertebrae face medially and "lock" with laterally facing inferior articular facets of the vertebra above it.
lumbar
There are five of these vertebrae in the vertebral column.
lumbar
Prominence on each side of the ankle that forms a partial socket for the talus bone
malleolus
Depression where mandible articulates with temporal bone
mandibular fossa
most superior part of the sternum
manubrium
Cancellous (spongy) bone consists of delicate interconnecting rods or plates of bone called (1) . The spaces between the trabeculae are filled with (2) . Each trabecula consists of several lamellae, with (3) between the lamellae. Usually no (4) penetrate the trabeculae, and the trabeculae have no central canals. Nutrients pass by diffusion through the (5) to the osteocytes of the trabeculae 2
marrow
Each long bone consists of a shaft, called the (1) , and a(n) (2) at each end of the bone. A long bone that is still growing has a(n) (3) , composed of cartilage, between each epiphysis and the diaphysis. When bone growth stops, the epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone, and is called the (4) . The large cavity in the diaphysis is called the (5) . This space, and other spaces are filled with soft tissue called (6) . Yellow marrow consists mostly of (7) , whereas red marrow consists of (8) cells. Most of the outer surface of the bone is covered by a connective tissue layer called the (9) , which contains blood vessels and nerves. The medullary cavity is lined with a thinner connective tissue membrane, the (10) . The periosteum and endosteum contain (11) , which function in the formation, repair, and remodeling of bone. 6
marrow
Each long bone consists of a shaft, called the (1) , and a(n) (2) at each end of the bone. A long bone that is still growing has a(n) (3) , composed of cartilage, between each epiphysis and the diaphysis. When bone growth stops, the epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone, and is called the (4) . The large cavity in the diaphysis is called the (5) . This space, and other spaces are filled with soft tissue called (6) . Yellow marrow consists mostly of (7) , whereas red marrow consists of (8) cells. Most of the outer surface of the bone is covered by a connective tissue layer called the (9) , which contains blood vessels and nerves. The medullary cavity is lined with a thinner connective tissue membrane, the (10) . The periosteum and endosteum contain (11) , which function in the formation, repair, and remodeling of bone. 5
medullary cavity
Three bony shelves of the nasal cavity that help to warm and moisten the air
nasal conchae
Perpendicular bone and cartilage that divide the nasal cavity into right and left halves
nasal septum
Opening that passes from the orbit into the nasal cavity
nasalocrimal canal
Opening through which the optic nerve passes into the skull
optic foramen
Cone-shaped fossa that surrounds the eye
orbit
Structure in the skull that surrounds and protects the eye
orbit
Large openings through which nerves or blood vessels communicate with the eye
orbital fissures
As osteoblasts deposit new bone matrix on the surface of bones between the periosteum and the existing bone, the bone increases in (1) . Growth in the (2) of a bone, which is the major source of increased height in an individual, occurs in the (3) . Just as in endochondral ossification, (4) increase in number. Within the (5) zone, the chondrocytes line up in columns, hypertrophy, and die. The cartilage matrix is (6) , and (7) start forming bone matrix on the surface of the calcified cartilage. This process produces a zone of (8) on the diaphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate. 8
ossifcation
As osteoblasts deposit new bone matrix on the surface of bones between the periosteum and the existing bone, the bone increases in (1) . Growth in the (2) of a bone, which is the major source of increased height in an individual, occurs in the (3) . Just as in endochondral ossification, (4) increase in number. Within the (5) zone, the chondrocytes line up in columns, hypertrophy, and die. The cartilage matrix is (6) , and (7) start forming bone matrix on the surface of the calcified cartilage. This process produces a zone of (8) on the diaphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate. 7
osteoblast
Each long bone consists of a shaft, called the (1) , and a(n) (2) at each end of the bone. A long bone that is still growing has a(n) (3) , composed of cartilage, between each epiphysis and the diaphysis. When bone growth stops, the epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone, and is called the (4) . The large cavity in the diaphysis is called the (5) . This space, and other spaces are filled with soft tissue called (6) . Yellow marrow consists mostly of (7) , whereas red marrow consists of (8) cells. Most of the outer surface of the bone is covered by a connective tissue layer called the (9) , which contains blood vessels and nerves. The medullary cavity is lined with a thinner connective tissue membrane, the (10) . The periosteum and endosteum contain (11) , which function in the formation, repair, and remodeling of bone. 11
osteoblast
Intramembranous ossification occurs when osteoblasts begin to produce bone in ossification centers of (1) membranes. Endochondral ossification begins with a (2) , which has the general shape of the mature bone. The chondrocytes of the cartilage model increase in number, hypertrophy, and die and the cartilage matrix becomes (3) , forming an ossification center. When chondrocytes die, (4) invade spaces in the center of the bone and produce bone matrix; (5) remove bone and calcified cartilage to form the medullary cavity. The center part of the diaphysis where bone first begins to appear is called the (6) . Later, (7) form in the epiphyses 4
osteoblast
Bone remodeling involves the removal of old bone by (1) , and the deposition of new bone by (2) . Bone is the major storage site for (3) in the body. Calcium is removed from bones when blood calcium levels (4) , and it is deposited when dietary calcium is adequate. When a bone is broken, the bone bleeds, and a (5) is formed in the damaged area. Cells from surrounding tissue invade and form a fibrous network with islets of cartilage, which holds the bone fragments together. The zone of tissue repair between the two bone fragments is called a (6) . Osteoblasts enter the callus and begin forming (7) bone, which is later remodeled 2
osteoblasts
Ossification is the formation of bone by _____
osteoblasts
Intramembranous ossification occurs when osteoblasts begin to produce bone in ossification centers of (1) membranes. Endochondral ossification begins with a (2) , which has the general shape of the mature bone. The chondrocytes of the cartilage model increase in number, hypertrophy, and die and the cartilage matrix becomes (3) , forming an ossification center. When chondrocytes die, (4) invade spaces in the center of the bone and produce bone matrix; (5) remove bone and calcified cartilage to form the medullary cavity. The center part of the diaphysis where bone first begins to appear is called the (6) . Later, (7) form in the epiphyses 5
osteoclast
Bone remodeling involves the removal of old bone by (1) , and the deposition of new bone by (2) . Bone is the major storage site for (3) in the body. Calcium is removed from bones when blood calcium levels (4) , and it is deposited when dietary calcium is adequate. When a bone is broken, the bone bleeds, and a (5) is formed in the damaged area. Cells from surrounding tissue invade and form a fibrous network with islets of cartilage, which holds the bone fragments together. The zone of tissue repair between the two bone fragments is called a (6) . Osteoblasts enter the callus and begin forming (7) bone, which is later remodeled 1
osteoclasts
Cancellous (spongy) bone consists of delicate interconnecting rods or plates of bone called (1) . The spaces between the trabeculae are filled with (2) . Each trabecula consists of several lamellae, with (3) between the lamellae. Usually no (4) penetrate the trabeculae, and the trabeculae have no central canals. Nutrients pass by diffusion through the (5) to the osteocytes of the trabeculae 3
osteocytes
Most of the lamellae of compact bone are organized into sets of concentric rings with each set surrounding a (1) . Within the central canal are (2) that run parallel to the long axis of the bone. Each central canal with the lamellae and osteocytes surrounding it, is called a(n) (3) . The osteocytes are connected to each other by cell processes located in (4) . Blood vessels in the (5) supply blood to vessels in the central canal. 3
osteon
Air-filled cavities that open into the nasal cavit
paranasal sinuses
Located within the major tendon of the thigh muscles; enables the tendon to turn the corner over the knee.
patella
Each long bone consists of a shaft, called the (1) , and a(n) (2) at each end of the bone. A long bone that is still growing has a(n) (3) , composed of cartilage, between each epiphysis and the diaphysis. When bone growth stops, the epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone, and is called the (4) . The large cavity in the diaphysis is called the (5) . This space, and other spaces are filled with soft tissue called (6) . Yellow marrow consists mostly of (7) , whereas red marrow consists of (8) cells. Most of the outer surface of the bone is covered by a connective tissue layer called the (9) , which contains blood vessels and nerves. The medullary cavity is lined with a thinner connective tissue membrane, the (10) . The periosteum and endosteum contain (11) , which function in the formation, repair, and remodeling of bone. 9
periosteum
Most of the lamellae of compact bone are organized into sets of concentric rings with each set surrounding a (1) . Within the central canal are (2) that run parallel to the long axis of the bone. Each central canal with the lamellae and osteocytes surrounding it, is called a(n) (3) . The osteocytes are connected to each other by cell processes located in (4) . Blood vessels in the (5) supply blood to vessels in the central canal. 5
periosteum, endosteum
Two parts that form the nasal septum
perpendicular plate of ethmoid and vomer
Intramembranous ossification occurs when osteoblasts begin to produce bone in ossification centers of (1) membranes. Endochondral ossification begins with a (2) , which has the general shape of the mature bone. The chondrocytes of the cartilage model increase in number, hypertrophy, and die and the cartilage matrix becomes (3) , forming an ossification center. When chondrocytes die, (4) invade spaces in the center of the bone and produce bone matrix; (5) remove bone and calcified cartilage to form the medullary cavity. The center part of the diaphysis where bone first begins to appear is called the (6) . Later, (7) form in the epiphyses 6
primary ossifcation center
As osteoblasts deposit new bone matrix on the surface of bones between the periosteum and the existing bone, the bone increases in (1) . Growth in the (2) of a bone, which is the major source of increased height in an individual, occurs in the (3) . Just as in endochondral ossification, (4) increase in number. Within the (5) zone, the chondrocytes line up in columns, hypertrophy, and die. The cartilage matrix is (6) , and (7) start forming bone matrix on the surface of the calcified cartilage. This process produces a zone of (8) on the diaphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate. 5
proliferating
Location of attachment of the biceps brachii to the radius
radial tuberosity
Five fused vertebrae that have a median crest and a hiatus.
sacrum
Intramembranous ossification occurs when osteoblasts begin to produce bone in ossification centers of (1) membranes. Endochondral ossification begins with a (2) , which has the general shape of the mature bone. The chondrocytes of the cartilage model increase in number, hypertrophy, and die and the cartilage matrix becomes (3) , forming an ossification center. When chondrocytes die, (4) invade spaces in the center of the bone and produce bone matrix; (5) remove bone and calcified cartilage to form the medullary cavity. The center part of the diaphysis where bone first begins to appear is called the (6) . Later, (7) form in the epiphyses 7
secondary ossification centers
Structure resembling a saddle that is occupied by the pituitary gland
sella turcia
Bones as broad as they are long, e.g., ankle and wrist bones.
short
Ridge that runs across the posterior surface of the scapula
spine
Lumps that can be seen and felt down the midline of the back
spinous process
Slight elevation at the junction of the manubrium and body of the sternum; landmark for locating the second rib
sternal angle
Attachments for the ligaments of the wrists
styloid processes
Fibrous joints between the bones of the skull
sutures
Fibrous joints where bones are separated by some distance and are held together by ligaments
syndesmoses
Freely moving joints that contain fluid in a cavity surrounding the ends of bones.
synovial
Tissue that lines the joint capsule except over the articular cartilage; produces synovial fluid.
synovial membrane
distal end of tibia and fibula
talus
Two bones that form the zygomatic arch
temportal and zygomatic
attach muscles to bones
tendon
There are twelve of these vertebrae in the vertebral column
thoarcic
articular facets for ribs present
thoracic
Two sections of the vertebral column that curve posteriorly
thoracic and sacral
head of fibula
tibia
Location on the tibia where anterior thigh muscles attach
tibial tuberosity
Cancellous (spongy) bone consists of delicate interconnecting rods or plates of bone called (1) . The spaces between the trabeculae are filled with (2) . Each trabecula consists of several lamellae, with (3) between the lamellae. Usually no (4) penetrate the trabeculae, and the trabeculae have no central canals. Nutrients pass by diffusion through the (5) to the osteocytes of the trabeculae 1
trabeculae
Points of muscle attachment near the head of the femur
trochanters
Contains the spinal cord; all of them together form the vertebral canal
vertebral foramen