Chapter 6 Test
All of the following are part of a prokaryotic cell except a. DNA. b. a cell wall. c. a plasma membrane. d. ribosomes. e. an endoplasmic reticulum.
E
Ions can travel directly from the cytoplasm of one animal cell to the cytoplasm of an adjacent cell through a. plasmodesmata. b. intermediate filaments. c. tight junctions. d. desmosomes. e. gap junctions.
E
Which of the following contains enzymes that transfer hydrogen from various substrates to oxygen? a. lysosome b. vacuole c. mitochondrion d. Golgi apparatus e. peroxisome
E
Which of the following correctly lists the order in which cellular components will be found in the pellet when homogenized cells are treated with increasingly rapid spins in a centrifuge? A) ribosomes, nucleus, mitochondria B) chloroplasts, ribosomes, vacuoles C) nucleus, ribosomes, chloroplasts D) vacuoles, ribosomes, nucleus E) nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes
E
Which structure-function pair is mismatched? A) nucleolus; production of ribosomal subunits B) lysosome; intracellular digestion C) ribosome; protein synthesis D) Golgi; protein trafficking E) microtubule; muscle contraction
E
Cells can be described as having a cytoskeleton of internal structures that contribute to the shape, organization, and movement of the cell. Which of the following are part of the cytoskeleton? a. the nuclear envelope b. mitochondria c. microfilaments d. lysosomes e. nucleoli
A
Centrioles, cilia, flagella, and basal bodies have remarkably similar structural elements and arrangements. Which of the following hypotheses is most plausible in light of such structural similarities? A) Cilia and flagella arise from the centrioles. B) Loss of basal bodies should lead to loss of all cilia, flagella, and centrioles. C) Motor proteins such as dynein must have evolved before any of these four kinds of structure. D) Cilia and flagella coevolved in the same ancestral eukaryotic organism. E) Natural selection for cell motility repeatedly selected for microtubular arrays in circular patterns in the evolution of each of these structures. A
A
Which of the following are capable of converting light energy to chemical energy? a. chloroplasts b. mitochondria c. leucoplasts d. peroxisomes e. Golgi bodies
A
Which of the following contains hydrolytic enzymes? a. lysosome b. vacuole c. mitochondrion d. Golgi apparatus e. peroxisome
A
Which structure is the site of the synthesis of proteins that may be exported from the cell? a. rough ER b. lysosomes c. plasmodesmata d. Golgi vesicles e. tight junctions
A
A cell with a predominance of free ribosomes is most likely A) producing primarily proteins for secretion. B) producing primarily cytoplasmic proteins. C) constructing an extensive cell wall or extracellular matrix. D) digesting large food particles. E) enlarging its vacuole.
B
Grana, thylakoids, and stroma are all components found in a. vacuoles. b. chloroplasts. c. mitochondria. d. lysosomes. e. nuclei.
B
In animal cells, hydrolytic enzymes are packaged to prevent general destruction of cellular components. Which of the following organelles functions in this compartmentalization? a. chloroplast b. lysosome c. central vacuole d. peroxisome e. glyoxysome
B
In the fractionation of homogenized cells using centrifugation, the primary factor that determines whether a specific cellular component ends up in the supernatant or the pellet is A) the relative solubility of the component. B) the size and weight of the component. C) the percentage of carbohydrates in the component. D) the presence or absence of nucleic acids in the component. E) the presence or absence of lipids in the component.
B
Which of the following is a compartment that often takes up much of the volume of a plant cell? a. lysosome b. vacuole c. mitochondrion d. Golgi apparatus e. peroxisome
B
Which of the following is present in a prokaryotic cell? A) mitochondrion B) ribosome C) nuclear envelope D) chloroplast E) ER
B
Which of the following is present in a prokaryotic cell? a. mitochondrion b. ribosome c. nuclear envelope d. chloroplast e. ER
B
Which structure is not part of the endomembrane system? a. nuclear envelope b. chloroplast c. Golgi apparatus d. plasma membrane e. ER
B
Which of the following produces and modifies polysaccharides that will be secreted? a. lysosome b. vacuole c. mitochondrion d. Golgi apparatus e. peroxisome
D
All of the following serve an important role in determining or maintaining the structure of plant cells. Which of the following are distinct from the others in their composition? A) microtubules B) microfilaments C) plant cell walls D) intermediate filaments E) nuclear lamina
C
Plasmodesmata in plant cells are most similar in function to which of the following structures in animal cells? a. peroxisomes b. desmosomes c. gap junctions d. extracellular matrix e. tight junctions
C
Signals between the ECM and the cytoskeleton may be transmitted by A) fibronectin. B) proteoglycans. C) integrins. D) collagen. E) middle lamella.
C
Tay-Sachs disease is a human genetic abnormality that results in cells accumulating and becoming clogged with very large and complex lipids. Which cellular organelle must be involved in this condition? a. the endoplasmic reticulum b. the Golgi apparatus c. the lysosome d. mitochondria e. membrane-bound ribosomes
C
The advantage of light microscopy over electron microscopy is that A) light microscopy provides for higher magnification than electron microscopy. B) light microscopy provides for higher resolving power than electron microscopy. C) light microscopy allows one to view dynamic processes in living cells. D) light microscopy provides higher contrast than electron microscopy. E) specimen preparation for light microcopy does not produce artifacts.
C
When a potassium ion (K+) moves from the soil into the vacuole of a cell on the surface of a root, it must pass through several cellular structures. Which of the following correctly describes the order in which these structures will be encountered by the ion? a. plasma membrane → primary cell wall → cytoplasm → tonoplast b. secondary cell wall → plasma membrane → primary cell wall → cytoplasm → tonoplast c. primary cell wall → plasma membrane → cytoplasm → tonoplast d. primary cell wall → plasma membrane → tonoplast → cytoplasm → vacuole e. tonoplast → primary cell wall → plasma membrane → cytoplasm
C
When biologists wish to study the internal ultrastructure of cells, they can achieve the finest resolution by using A) a phase-contrast light microscope. B) a scanning electron microscope. C) a transmission electronic microscope. D) a confocal fluorescence microscope. E) a super-resolution fluorescence microscope.
C
Which cell would be best for studying lysosomes? a. muscle cell b. nerve cell c. phagocytic white blood cell d. leaf cell of a plant e. bacterial cell
C
Which is one of the main energy transformers of cells? a. lysosome b. vacuole c. mitochondrion d. Golgi apparatus e. peroxisome
C
Which structure is common to plant and animal cells? a. chloroplast b. wall made of cellulose c. central vacuole d. mitochondrion e. centriole
D
Which of the following contain the 9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules, consisting of nine doublets of microtubules surrounding a pair of single microtubules? A) both motile cilia and primary (nonmotile) cilia B) centrioles only C) both flagella and motile cilia D) both basal bodies and primary (nonmotile) cilia E) both centrioles and basal bodies
C
Which of the following contains its own DNA and ribosomes? a. lysosome b. vacuole c. mitochondrion d. Golgi apparatus e. peroxisome
C
Which of the following statements about the cytoskeleton is true? A) The dynamic aspect of cytoskeletal function is made possible by the assembly and disassembly of a large variety of proteins into complex aggregates. B) Microfilaments are structurally rigid and resist compression, whereas microtubules resist tension (stretching). C) Movement of cilia and flagella is the result of motor proteins causing microtubules to move relative to each other. D) Chemicals that block the assembly of the cytoskeleton would cause little effect on the cell's response to external signals and stimuli. E) Transport vesicles among the membranes of the endomembrane system produce the cytoskeleton.
C
Which statement correctly characterizes bound ribosomes? a. Bound ribosomes are enclosed in their own membrane. b. Bound and free ribosomes are structurally different. c. Bound ribosomes generally synthesize membrane proteins and secretory proteins. d. The most common location for bound ribosomes is the cytoplasmic surface of the plasma membrane. e. All of the above.
C
Which type of organelle is primarily involved in the synthesis of oils, phospholipids, and steroids? a. ribosome b. lysosome c. smooth endoplasmic reticulum d. mitochondrion e. contractile vacuole
C
A biologist ground up some plant leaf cells and then centrifuged the mixture to fractionate the organelles. Organelles in one of the heavier fractions could produce ATP in the light, while organelles in the lighter fraction could produce ATP in the dark. The heavier and lighter fractions are most likely to contain, respectively, a. mitochondria and chloroplasts. b. chloroplasts and peroxisomes. c. peroxisomes and chloroplasts. d. chloroplasts and mitochondria. e. mitochondria and peroxisomes.
D
A cell has the following molecules and structures: enzymes, DNA, ribosomes, plasma membrane, and mitochondria. It could be a cell from a. a bacterium. b. an animal, but not a plant. c. a plant, but not an animal. d. a plant or an animal. e. any kind of organism.
D
A primary objective of cell fractionation is to A) view the structure of cell membranes. B) sort cells based on their size and weight. C) determine the size of various organelles. D) separate the major organelles so that their particular functions can be determined. E) separate lipid-soluble from water-soluble molecules.
D
Cells of the pancreas will incorporate radioactively labeled amino acids into proteins. This "tagging" of newly synthesized proteins enables a researcher to track their location. In this case, we are tracking an enzyme secreted by pancreatic cells. What is its most likely pathway? a. ER → Golgi → nucleus b. Golgi → ER → lysosome c. nucleus → ER → Golgi d. ER → Golgi → vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane e. ER → lysosomes → vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane
D
If an individual has abnormal microtubules, due to a hereditary condition, in which organs or tissues would you expect dysfunction? A) limbs, hearts, areas with a good deal of contraction B) microvilli, alveoli, and glomeruli: cellular projections that increase surface area C) all ducts, such as those from salivary or sebaceous glands, that transport fluids D) sperm, larynx, and trachea: cells and tissues that contain flagella or cilia E) phagocytic cells and white blood cells that exhibit amoeboid movement
D
Motor proteins provide for molecular motion in cells by interacting with what types of cellular structures? A) sites of energy production in cellular respiration B) membrane proteins C) ribosomes D) cytoskeletal structures E) cellulose fibers in the cell wall
D
Organelles other than the nucleus that contain DNA include a. ribosomes. b. mitochondria. c. chloroplasts. d. BandConly e. A, B, and C
D
The cell walls of bacteria, fungi, and plant cells and the extracellular matrix of animal cells are all external to the plasma membrane. Which of the following is a characteristic common to all of these extracellular structures? A) They must block water and small molecules in order to regulate the exchange of matter and energy with their environment. B) They must permit information transfer between the cell's cytoplasm and the nucleus. C) They must provide a rigid structure that maintains an appropriate ratio of cell surface area to volume. D) They are constructed of polymers that are synthesized in the cytoplasm and then transported out of the cell. E) They are composed of a mixture of lipids and carbohydrates.
D
The extracellular matrix is thought to participate in the regulation of animal cell behavior by communicating information from the outside to the inside of the cell via which of the following? a. gap junctions b. the nucleus c. DNA and RNA d. integrins e. plasmodesmata
D
The peroxisome gets its name from its interaction with hydrogen peroxide. If a liver cell is detoxifying alcohol and some other poisons, it does so by removal of hydrogen from the molecules. What, then, do the enzymes of the peroxisome do? a. combine the hydrogen with A TP b. use the hydrogen to break down hydrogen peroxide c. transfer the harmful substances to the mitochondria d. transfer the hydrogens to oxygen molecules
D
Which of the following is a major cause of the size limits for certain types of cells? a. the evolution of larger cells after the evolution of smaller cells b. the difference in plasma membranes between prokaryotes and eukaryotes c. the evolution of eukaryotes after the evolution of prokaryotes d. the need for a surface area of sufficient area to allow the cell's function e. the observation that longer cells usually have greater cell volume
D