chapter 7

medial

Relatively closer to the midline of the body

lateral

Relatively farther away from the midline ortoward the outside of the body

One of the most important concepts in motor control is that muscles are recruited by the nervous system in groups. What are these groups called? a. myofibrils b. subsystems c. muscle synergies d. local muscular systems

c. muscle synergies

Which concept should be used to describe the functioning of the serratus anterior as it assists the anterior deltoid during shoulder flexion? a. antagonist b. agonist c. synergist d. stabilizer

c. synergist

concentric

Describing a muscle action resulting in the shortening of a muscle

eccentric

Describing a muscle action that occurs when a muscle develops tension while lengthening

isotonic

Force is produced, muscle tension is developed, and movement occurs through a given range of motion. Isotonic muscle actions are subdivided into concentric and eccentric muscle actions.

motor learning

How repeated practice and experience of motor control processes leads to a relatively permanent change in skilled motor behavior

motor development

How skilled motor behavior changes over time throughout the life span

motor control

How the central nervous system integrates internal and external sensory information with previous experiences to produce a motor response

motor behavior

How the human movement system responds to internal and external stimuli

isometric

Muscle tension is created without a change in muscle length and no visible movement of the joint. ex. plank

antagonists

Muscles on the opposite side of a joint that are in direct opposition of agonist muscles

superior

Positioned above an identified reference point

inferior

Positioned below an identified referencepoint

distal

Positioned farthest from the center of thebody or other identified reference point

proximal

Positioned nearest to the center of the bodyor other identified reference point

posterior

Positioned on or toward the back of thebody

anterior

Positioned on or toward the front of thebody

contralateral

Positioned on the opposite side of the body

ipsilateral

Positioned on the same side of the body

muscle action spectrum

The full range of eccentric, isometric, and concentric muscle contractions required to perform a movement.

flexibility

The normal extensibility of soft tissues that allows for full range of joint motion

anatomic position

The position of reference in which the patient stands facing you, arms at the side, with the palms of the hands forward.

isokinetic

The speed of movement is fixed, and resistance varies with the force exerted. It requires sophisticated training equipment often seen in rehabilitation or exercise physiology laboratories.

altered length-tension relationship

When a muscle's resting length is too short or too long, reducing the amount of force it can produce

reciprocal inhibition

When an agonist receives a signal to contract, its functional antagonist also receives an inhibitory signal allowing it to lengthen

Altered reciprocal inhibition

When an overactive agonist muscle decreases the neural drive to its functional antagonist

muscle imbalance

When muscles on each side of a joint have altered length-tension relationships

hypomobility

When range of motion at a joint is limited

hypermobility

a joint having a greater range of motion than it should

eversion

a movement in which the heel bone moves laterally

concentric is synonymous with _____________ and _____________

acceleration; lifting

Which of the following effects may occur if the amortization phase of a plyometric exercise is prolonged? a. The neurological stretch reflex will be optimally activated, and the unloading phase will be less powerful. b. Stored energy will dissipate, and the unloading phase will be less powerful. c. The neurological stretch reflex will be optimally activated, and the unloading phase will be more powerful. d. Stored energy will dissipate, and the unloading phase will be more powerful.

b. Stored energy will dissipate, and the unloading phase will be less powerful.

What are the three overarching types of muscle actions? a. eccentric, isotonic, isometric b. isotonic, isometric, isokinetic c. concentric, eccentric, isometric d. concentric, isokinetic, isometric

b. isotonic, isometric, isokinetic

What is the imaginary line that bisects the body into right and left sides? a. the frontal plane b. the sagittal plane c. the coronal plane d. the transverse plane

b. the sagittal plane

What measurement is dependent upon the length of the lever arm and the angle between the force application and the lever arm? a. arthrokinematics b. torque c. force d. force velocity

b. torque

Which of the following examples describes a muscle that is functioning as an antagonist? a. The serratus anterior being active during shoulder flexion b. The transversus abdominus being active during hip extension c. The biceps brachii being active during elbow extension d. The infraspinatus being active during shoulder external rotation

c. The biceps brachii being active during elbow extension

The muscles of the lower leg, hamstrings, and low back region make up which of the following global muscular subsystems? a. lateral subsystem b. anterior oblique subsystem c. deep longitudinal subsystem d. posterior oblique subsystem

c. deep longitudinal subsystem

stabilizers

contract isometrically to support and stabilize the joints

synergists

create forces to assist prime movers but are not intended as the primary force producer for a given joint motion

How is an isokinetic muscle contraction best described? a. A contraction that occurs when a muscle is exerting force greater than the resistive force, resulting in a shortening of the muscle b. A contraction that occurs when muscle tension is developed and movement occurs through a given range of motion at a speed that may vary c. A contraction that occurs when muscle tension is created without a change in length and no visible movement of the joint d. A contraction that occurs when the speed of movement is fixed and the resistance varies with the force exerted

d. A contraction that occurs when the speed of movement is fixed and the resistance varies with the force exerted

Movement represents the integrated functioning of which three main body systems? a. Nervous, skeletal, and vascular b. Nervous, ligamentous, and vascular c. Muscular, ligamentous, and skeletal d. Muscular, nervous, and skeletal

d. Muscular, nervous, and skeletal

What does the term force refer to? a. The ability to move the body in one direction as fast as possible b. The ability of the nervous system to produce great strength in the shortest time c. The ability of the neuromuscular system to produce internal tension to overcome a load d. The ability of one entity to act on another entity, causing acceleration or deceleration

d. The ability of one entity to act on another entity, causing acceleration or deceleration

Movements that take place within a joint and are not visible to the human eye may be classified in what way? a. anterior b. posterior c. osteokinemtatic d. arthrokinematic

d. arthrokinematic

During a squat, which muscle group isometrically contracts to prevent unnecessary thigh movement in the frontal plane? a. hip internal rotators b. hip extensors c. hip flexors d. hip abductors

d. hip abductors

Which type of exercise accommodates effort whereby the harder the individual pushes or pulls, the more resistance they feel, despite the movement speed remaining constant? a. eccentric b. isometric c. concentric d. isokinetic

d. isokinetic

What term is used to describe muscle tension that is created without a change in muscle length and no visible movement of the joint? a. eccentric b. concentric c. isokinetic d. isometric

d. isometric

What concept describes how the function of one segment of the body can impact other areas? a. the imaginary plane theory b. the all-or-nothing principle c. the force-couple relationship d. the regional interdependence model

d. the regional interdependence model

eccentric is synonymous with ___________ and ____________

deceleration; lowering

planter flexion

extension occurring at the ankle

TRUE OR FALSE? The primary characteristic of closed-chain movements is that the distal segments, such as the person's hands or feet, are not fixed and are able to move freely.

false

dorsiflexion

flexion occurring at the ankle

abduction

movement in the frontal plane away from the midline

adduction

movement in the frontal plane toward the midline

arthrokinematic

movements taking place inside the joint itself that we cannot see

osteokinematic

movements we can observe or see

eccentric muscle action

muscle develops tension while lengthening

agonists

muscles that act as the prime movers for a joint motion

concentric muscle action

occurs when the contractile force is greater than the resistive force, resulting in a visible shortening of the muscle

muscles can only __________ not __________

pull; push