Chapter 7-8
Binary Fission in order
1. DNA replicates 2. Chromone and its duplicate attach to the inner surface of the cell 3. The cell membrane grows between the two DNA molecules, moving them apart 4. The cell pinches in half to form two identical daughter cells
Dna Replication in the order in which they occur
1. Helicase seperates the two template strands of DNA 2. Binding of proteins to the two template strands prevents them from rejoining 3. Primase adds short stretches of RNA to the template DNA strand 4. DNA polymerase adds DNA nucleotides to create newly synthesized strands. 5. Enzymes replace the primers, and ligase seal the gaps between existing segments and newly synthesized segments.
How fast can some bacterial cells divide in optimal conditions? Multiple choice question. every 20 minutes every 2 hours every 5 hours every 90 minutes
20 minutes
Because DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides to the ______ end of a growing strand, DNA replication on the lagging strand produces shorts pieces called ______. Multiple choice question. 5'; snRPs 3'; Okazaki fragments 3'; snRPs 5'; Okazaki fragments
3'; Okazaki fragments
The DNA double helix resembles a twisted ladder, where each rail of the "ladder" (each backbone) is composed of alternating deoxyribose sugars and phosphate groups joined together by phosphodiester bonds.
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Binary fission is a type of ______ seen in prokaryotes, such as archaea and bacteria. Multiple choice question. gamete formation asexual reproduction colonial aggregation sexual reproduction
Asexual reproduction
Due to its proofreading accuracy, DNA polymerase incorporates an incorrect nucleotide only about one in a ______ nucleotides. Multiple choice question. billion million thousand hundred
Billion
Due to its proofreading accuracy, DNA polymerase incorporates an incorrect nucleotide only about one in a ______ nucleotides. Multiple choice question. million billion thousand hundred
Billion
During DNA replication, a primase enzyme Multiple choice question. unwinds the DNA double helix. builds an RNA primer to attract DNA polymerase. adds complementary DNA nucleotides to a template strand. seals the gaps between newly synthesized segments of DNA.
Builds an RNA primer
Which scientist showed that the amount of the base guanine in a DNA molecule equals the amount of the base cytosine in a DNA molecule? Multiple choice question. Chargaff Franklin Wilkins
Chargaff
Which scientist showed that the amount of the base guanine in a DNA molecule equals the amount of the base cytosine in a DNA molecule? Multiple choice question. Franklin Wilkins Chargaff
Chargaff
A cell's genetic material is contained in one or more Multiple choice question. proteins. ligases. fibers called microfilaments. chromosomes.
Chromosomes
Hershey and Chase showed that the part of a virus that could enter bacterial cells and cause the production of more viruses was Multiple choice question. DNA. the envelope. protein. capsid.
DNA
The information that each cell needs to produce proteins is stored in a molecule called Multiple choice question. chlorophyll. glucose. DNA. ATP.
DNA
A eukaryotic chromosome consists of Multiple choice question. DNA and RNA. DNA and associated proteins. two cylinders of microtubule proteins. a ribosome bound to mRNA and tRNA.
DNA and associated proteins.
What enzyme adds complementary bases to exposed single strands of DNA during DNA replication? Multiple choice question. helicase DNA primase ligase DNA polymerase
DNA polymerase
What enzyme has proofreading and repair functions during DNA replication? Multiple choice question. DNA mutase DNA polymerase RNA primase helicase
DNA polymerase
What enzyme has proofreading and repair functions during DNA replication? Multiple choice question. DNA mutase RNA primase helicase DNA polymerase
DNA polymerase
Why does an RNA primer need to be added to the DNA template for DNA replication? Multiple choice question. DNA polymerase cannot join existing strands of DNA together. DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides to an existing strand. Each DNA double helix must be unwound before replication can begin. RNA polymerase needs to be primed to release each template strand of DNA.
DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides to an existing strand.
The process of reading a DNA strand and making a complementary DNA copy of that strand is called Multiple choice question. DNA replication. DNA translation. DNA transcription. reverse transcription.
Dna Replication
in order for a cell to divide, all of its genetic information has to be duplicated through a process called Multiple choice question. DNA replication. RNA translation. RNA transcription. polypeptide synthesis.
Dna Replication
Select the steps that must occur before DNA polymerase can synthesize new DNA. Multiple select question. Ligase seals the gaps. The double-stranded DNA is unwound. Okazaki fragments are removed. An RNA primer is added.
Double stranded DNA is unwound An RNA primer is added
DNA has a ______ helical structure consisting of two intertwining strands of ______. Multiple choice question. single; lipids double; nucleotides double; amino acids single; nucleotides
Double; nucleotides
By the early 1900s, biologists had observed that abnormal or missing ______ were often associated with heritable traits or conditions. Multiple choice question. carbohydrates enzymes steroids lipids
Enzymes
True or false: In the 1940s, Avery, McCarty, and MacLeod figured out that the "transformation principle" from Griffith's experiments was actually a protein. True false question. True False
False
rue or false: Complementary base pairing rules state that in DNA, A pairs with G and T pairs with C.
False
A cell's genome is all of its Multiple choice question. rounds of cell division. proteins. genetic material. enzymes.
Genetic Material
In order for a eukaryotic or prokaryotic cell to divide, it needs to first duplicate its entire ______, which consists of all of its genetic material. Multiple choice question. cytoskeleton genome proteome membrane
Genome
What enzyme unwinds DNA to separate the strands for DNA replication? Multiple choice question. ligase primase helicase DNA polymerase
Helicase
Within the DNA double helix, the nitrogenous bases in base pairs are joined by ______ bonds, which are collectively strong but can also be pulled apart if the cell needs access to the DNA. Multiple choice question. van der Waals hydrogen covalent ionic
Hydrogen
When Griffith mixed together live strain R bacteria and heat-killed S bacteria and injected them into mice, the mice died, and ______ bacteria were isolated from the mice, indicating that something could pass between cells and transform them.
LIVE S strain.
In DNA replication, gaps between newly synthesized segments of DNA and existing segments of DNA are sealed by enzymes called ______, which form covalent bonds between the two segments. Multiple choice question. ligases primases polymerases helicases
Ligases
Binary fission in prokaryotes begins with the Multiple choice question. pairing of homologous chromosomes. pinching in of the cell membrane to begin the separation of daughter cells. lining up of chromosomes along the equator of the cell. replication of the single chromosome.
Multiple Choice QuestionYour Answer correct Binary fission in prokaryotes begins with the Multiple choice question. pairing of homologous chromosomes. pinching in of the cell membrane to begin the separation of daughter cells. lining up of chromosomes along the equator of the cell. replication of the single chromosome. Correct Answer replication of the single chromosome.
Although they occur rarely, mistakes in DNA replication result in ______, a change in a cell's DNA sequence. Multiple choice question. Okazaki fragmentation an origin of replication mutation nick sequencing
Mutation
Subunits called ______ are the building blocks of nucleic acids, as determined by scientists by about 1930. Multiple choice question. proteins amino acids monosaccharides nucleotides
Nucleotides
The antiparallel configuration of the DNA double helix means that the two strands of nucleotides are oriented in ______ directions with respect to each other. Multiple choice question. perpendicular identical opposite the same
Opposite
DNA replication takes place simultaneously at hundreds of places along the DNA molecule called Multiple choice question. chromosomal rearrangements. origins of replication. genome nicks. RNA primases.
Orgin of replications
What enzyme adds an RNA primer to the template strand of a DNA segment to be replicated? Multiple choice question. primase helicase DNA polymerase promotase
Primase
When Avery, McCarty, and MacLeod treated a solution from the S strain bacteria with a ______-destroying enzyme, it retained its ability to transform R strain bacteria into the lethal S strain. However, when they treated the same solution with a ______-destroying enzyme, it lost its ability to transform the R strain into a killer.
Protein DNA
Due to complementary base pairing rules, a sequence of AAGCTA on one strand of the DNA double helix means that the sequence on the opposite strand is Multiple choice question. CCTAGC. AAGCTA. TTCGAT. GGATCG.
TTCGAT
e amount of the nucleotide base adenine always equals the amount of the nucleotide base ______ and the amount of the nucleotide base cytosine always equals the amount of the nuxleotide base _____
Thymine; Guanine
True or false: During the early part of the twentieth century, some biologists believed that proteins were more likely than DNA to be the molecule of heredity.
True
n the Hershey-Chase experiment in 1950, ______ were labeled with two types of radioactive markers, one that marked protein and one that marked ______, and then allowed to infect E. coli bacteria. Multiple choice question. viruses; carbohydrate viruses; DNA S. pneumoniae; bacteria S. pneumoniae; DNA
Viruses, DNA
What scientists worked out the double helical structure of DNA using a ball-and-stick model? Multiple choice question. Watson and Crick Franklin and Wilkins Hershey and Chase Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty
Watson and Crick
The ______ pattern generated by Wilkins and Franklin revealed that DNA was comprised of a regular repeating structure of building blocks. Multiple choice question. protein denaturation X-ray diffraction transformation ball-and-stick
X-ray diffraction
On one half of a DNA double helix, a single strand of nucleotides has Multiple choice question. a 3' end on one side, and a 3' end at the opposite end. a 5' end on one side, and a 5' end at the opposite end. a 3' end on one side, and a 5' end at the opposite end.
a 3' end on one side, and a 5' end at the opposite end.
In the base pairs of the DNA double helix, Multiple choice question. a double-ring base always pairs with a single-ring base. a single-ring base always pairs with a single-ring base. a purine always pairs with a purine. a double-ring base always pairs with a double-ring base.
a double-ring base always pairs with a single-ring base.
What is the role of the enzyme DNA polymerase in DNA replication? Multiple choice question. join newly synthesized segments of DNA relieve the torsion created by the unwinding of the DNA double helix build a complementary piece of RNA to act as a primer add complementary DNA nucleotides
add complementary DNA nucleotides
What represents Chargaff's discovery about the amounts of the nitrogenous bases A, G, C, and T in the DNA molecule? Multiple choice question. amount of A = amount of G; amount of T = amount of C amount of G = amount of T; amount of A = amount of C amount of A = amount of T; amount of G = amount of C
amount of A = amount of T; amount of G = amount of C
Although the two chains of the DNA double helix are parallel to each other, they are oriented in opposite directions. This head-to-tail configuration is referred to as a(n) ______ arrangement. Multiple choice question. anticodon operon elongation antiparallel
antiparallel
The terms 3' and 5' refer to numbered carbon atoms within the ______ of DNA, and at one end of the DNA double helix, there is a free ______ on one backbone and a free ______ on the other backbone.
deoxyribose sugar; 3' carbon; 5' carbon
The terms 3' and 5' refer to numbered carbon atoms within the ______ of DNA, and at one end of the DNA double helix, there is a free ______ on one backbone and a free ______ on the other backbone. Multiple choice question. nitrogenous bases; 3' carbon; 5' carbon deoxyribose sugar; 3' carbon; 5' carbon nitrogenous bases; 5' carbon; 5' carbon deoxyribose sugar; 3' carbon; 3' carbon
deoxyribose sugar; 3' carbon; 5' carbon
The enzymes of DNA replication work in several clusters along the DNA molecule and require a great deal of ______ to catalyze their reactions.
energy
In DNA replication, enzymes called ligases Multiple choice question. add nucleotides to build a new DNA strand. remove RNA primers and attract DNA polymerase. form covalent bonds between segments of DNA. synthesize primers.
form covalent bonds between segments of DNA.
Select the steps that must occur before DNA polymerase can synthesize new DNA. Multiple select question. Okazaki fragments are removed. Ligase seals the gaps. The double-stranded DNA is unwound. An RNA primer is added.
he double-stranded DNA is unwound. An RNA primer is added.
On one strand of DNA, called the ______ strand, the 3' end is exposed, and DNA replication can proceed ______. Multiple choice question. lagging; continuously leading; continuously leading; discontinuously lagging; discontinuously
leading; continuously
On one strand of DNA, called the ______ strand, the 3' end is exposed, and DNA replication can proceed ______. Multiple choice questions. lagging; continuously leading; continuously leading; discontinuously lagging; discontinuously
leading; continuously
A DNA molecule consists of two strands of ______ held together in a ______ structure. Multiple choice question. amino acids; helix nucleotides; double helix amino acids; globular nucleotides; cloverleaf
nucleotides; double helix
DNA replication is called semiconservative because Multiple choice question. both strands of a new DNA double helix are newly synthesized. one strand of a new DNA double helix is newly synthesized and the other strand is from the parent molecule. one strand of a new DNA double helix is composed of RNA nucleotides and the other strand is composed of DNA nucleotides. both strands of a DNA double helix are composed of a mosaic of parent and daughter segments of DNA
one strand of a new DNA double helix is newly synthesized and the other strand is from the parent molecule.
During the Hershey-Chase experiment, radioactive ______ was used to label the DNA, and radioactive ______ was used to label the protein. Multiple choice question. carbon; nitrogen nitrogen; carbon phosphorus; sulfur sulfur; phosphorus
phosphorus; sulfur
In DNA replication, a(n) _______, which is made of RNA, needs to be added to the DNA template in order for DNA polymerase to add new DNA nucleotides. ribosome ligase primer spindle
primer
In the Hershey and Chase experiment, ______ was found inside the infected bacteria, indicating that the labeled viral ______ had entered the bacterial cells to direct new virus production. Multiple choice question. radioactive phosphorus; DNA radioactive phosphorus; protein radioactive sulfur; DNA radioactive sulfur; protein
radioactive phosphorus; DNA
Because one of the two strands of a replicated DNA molecule is newly synthesized and the other is the original template, DNA replication is said to be a ______ process. Multiple choice question. semiconservative conservative dispersive recursive
semiconservative
In his experiments with S. pneumoniae bacteria and mice, Frederich Griffith found that Multiple choice question. protein-destroying enzymes prevented type S bacteria from transforming type R bacteria. only type R bacteria produced smooth colonies and caused pneumonia in mice. something in heat-killed S bacteria could transform type R bacteria. DNA marked with radioactive phosphorus was found within transformed bacteria.
something in heat-killed S bacteria could transform type R bacteria.
Select all of the following that are components of nucleotides.
sugar phosphorus-containing groups nitrogen-containing base
In the DNA double helix, the two backbones are composed of alternating Multiple choice question. ribose and deoxyribose sugars. nucleotide and amino acids. nitrogenous bases. sugar and phosphate groups.
sugar and phosphate groups
Wilkins and Franklin performed X-ray diffraction that revealed details about Multiple choice question. what sugars are present in the nucleotides of DNA. what nitrogenous bases are present in DNA. the length of DNA present in a chromosome. the three-dimensional shape of the DNA molecule.
the three-dimensional shape of the DNA molecule.
A C-G base pair in a DNA double helix is joined by ______ between the bases. Multiple choice question. one hydrogen bond two hydrogen bonds three hydrogen bonds four hydrogen bonds
three hydrogen bonds
In DNA replication, continuously synthesis occurs on the leading strand
toward the origin of replication.
In DNA replication, continuously synthesis occurs on the leading strand Multiple choice question. without RNA primers. in the 5' to 3' direction. toward the origin of replication. and creates Okazaki fragments.
toward the origin of replication.
What provides energy for the synthesis of nucleotides and the formation of covalent bonds in DNA synthesis?
undergo binary fission
What is the role of the enzyme helicase in DNA replication? Multiple choice question. add new complementary DNA nucleotides build the complementary RNA primer remove the RNA primer unwind the DNA double helix
unwind the DNA double helix
