chapter 7
_________ are mental categories used to group together objects, relations, events, abstractions, or qualities that have common properties. Concepts Anagrams Algorithms Mores
Concepts are mental categories used to grouptogether objects, relations, events, abstractions, or qualities that have common properties. See "Thinking" from chapter 7 for more information.
Which of the following is true in the context of children babbling? Babbling represents language. Deaf children cannot babble. Children from different cultures babble significantly different sounds. Babbling is inborn and prelinguistic.
Babbling, like crying and cooing, is inborn and prelinguistic. Deaf children babble, and children from cultures whose languages sound very different all seem to babble the same sounds. See 7-3: Language Development: The Two-Year Explosion
When a child combines words to form a sentence herself rather than imitate one she has heard before, she is demonstrating the _____ characteristic of language skills. semanticity displacement infinite creativity plurality
Infinite creativity is the capacity to combine words into original sentences. See 7-2: Language
Barbara wanted to know whether Americans bought more American-made cars than foreign made cars. To come up with an answer, she based her opinion on the cars her friends drove. Barbara used _____ to come to the conclusion. the anchoring and adjustment heuristic the means-end analysis the availability heuristic functional fixedness
Barbara used the availability heuristic to come to the conclusion. According to this heuristic, our estimates of frequency or probability are based on how easy it is to find examples of relevant events. See 7-1: Thinking
_________ is the ability to generate novel and useful solutions to problems. Practicality Creativity Functionality Heritability
Creativity is the ability to generate novel and useful solutions to problems.See "Theories of Intelligence" from chapter 7 for more information.
_____ is the capacity to communicate information about events and objects in another time or place. Displacement Phonology Symbolism Subliminal stimulation
Displacementis the capacity to communicate information about events and objects in another time or place. See 7-2: Language
Dr. Gerrard, an experienced pediatrician, was examining a baby. He checked the baby's temperature and listened to the baby's breathing through the stethoscope while considering the symptoms described by the baby's parents. He quickly identified that the baby has a mild flu.Dr. Gerrard used _____ to make this diagnosis. primitive processing overextension parallel processing overregulation
In this scenario, Dr. Gerrard was using parallel processing in making a diagnosis. Parallel processing is dealing with two or more elements of the problem. See 7-1: Thinking
When a child utters "baba," it may mean, "I want my bottle," or "Where is my bottle?" or "that's my bottle." These single words used by children to express many things are known as _____. overextensions anagrams holophrases overregulations
A holophrase is a single word used to express complex meanings. See 7-3: Language Development: The Two-Year Explosion
A(n) _________ is a single word used by children to express complex meanings. concept anagram holophrase thought
A holophraseis a single word used by children to express complex meanings.See "Language Development: The Two-Year Explosion" from chapter 7 for more information.
A(n) _________ is a single word used by children to express complex meanings. concept anagram holophrase thought
A holophraseis a single word used by children to express complex meanings.See "Language Development: The Two-Year Explosion" from chapter 7 for more information.
According to _________, language acquisition involves the interaction of environmental influences. factor theory nativist theory triarchic theory psycholinguistic theory
According to psycholinguistic theory, language acquisition involves the interaction of environmental influences.See "Language Development: The Two-Year Explosion" from chapter 7 for more information.
Parents can positively influence their children's IQs by: being verbally responsive to children. making children dependent on them. using authoritarian rather than inductive discipline. minimizing children's playtime.
Children of parents who are emotionally and verbally responsive, furnish appropriate play materials, are involved with their children, encourage independence, and provide varied daily experiences obtain higher IQ scores later on. See 7-6: Nature and Nurture in Intelligence
_________ are rules of thumb that help us simplify and solve problems. Heuristics Anagrams Exemplars Analogies
Heuristics rules of thumb thathelp us simplify and solve problems.See "Thinking" from chapter 7 for more information
Which of the following was the result of a study done with 500 pairs of monozygotic and dizygotic twins in Kentucky, in terms of intelligence? The correlations in intelligence between monozygotic twins and the correlations in intelligence between dizygotic twins were similar. The correlations in intelligence between dizygotic twins were about the same as those between other siblings. The correlations in intelligence for dizygotic twins were higher than those for monozygotic twins. Dizygotic twins were more similar than monozygotic twins in spatial memory, ability to categorize things, and word comprehension.
A classic study of 500 pairs of monozygotic and dizygotic twins in Louisville, Kentucky (Wilson, 1983), found that the correlations in intelligence between dizygotic twins were about the same as those between other siblings. See 7-6: Nature and Nurture in Intelligence
_________ is the degree to which the variations in a trait from one person to another can be attributed to, or explained by, genetic factors. Heritability Practicality Intelligence Intelligence quotient
Heritabilityis the degree to which the variations in a trait from one person to another can be attributed to, or explained by, genetic factors.See "The Measurement of Intelligence" from chapter 7 for more information.
Joan is a ten-year-old girl with a mental age of twelve. According to Stern,Joan's IQ is _____. 90 125 120 100
Joan's IQ is 120. IQ is measured by dividing mental age by chronological age and multiplying the result by 100. See 7-5: The Measurement of Intelligence
Ten-year-old Joshua knows that snakes are reptiles and all reptiles are animals. Joshua's concept of animal is _____. overextended intuitive irregular hierarchical
Joshua's concept of animal is hierarchical.We tend to organize concepts in hierarchies.For example, the newspaper category includes objects such as your school paper and the Los Angeles Times.See 7-1: Thinking
Which of the following statements is true about the learning theory in the context of language development? It states that children develop language because of an understanding of grammar. It emphasizes the role of imitation and reinforcement in language development in children. It accounts for the unchanging sequence of language development and the spurts in children's language acquisition. It explains how children come to utter phrases and sentences they have not observed.
Learning theorists see language as developing according to laws of learning. They usually refer to the concepts of imitation and reinforcement. See 7-3: Language Development: The Two-Year Explosion
The observation that infants display considerable intelligence before they learn to speak offers little support to _____. the linguistic-relativity hypothesis Piaget's theory of cognitive development the learning theory of language development psycholinguistic theory
Most cognitive scientists no longer accept the linguistic- relativity hypothesis. For one thing, adults use images and abstract logical propositions, as well as words, as units of thought. Infants, moreover, display considerable intelligence before they have learned to speak.See 7-2: Language
Children between the ages of three and five incorrectly apply the rules of past tense and of plural when they say "sitted" instead of "sat" and "gooses" instead of "geese." This is known as _____. overregularization prelinguistic vocalization overextension telegraphic speech
Overregularization is the application of regular grammatical rules for forming inflections (e.g., past tense and plurals) to irregular verbs and nouns. See 7-3: Language Development: The Two-Year Explosion
Pointing to a bird and saying, "That is not a mammal," is a(n) _________ of the mammal concept. overextension overregularization prototypes negative instance
Pointing to a bird and saying, "That is not a mammal," is a negative instance of the mammal concept.See "Thinking" from chapter 7 for more information.
To teach his child the prototype for cats, Nathan points to many examples in books, at home, on TV, and in the neighborhood, while saying the word "cat." These are _____ of the cat concept. positive instances negative instances positive overextensions negative overextensions
Pointing to examples of cats in books, at home, and on TV are positive instances of the cat concept.Positive instance is when we identify something as belonging to a concept. See 7-1: Thinking
_________ enables people to deal with other people, including difficult people, and to meet the demands of their environment. Practical intelligence Rudimentary intelligence Abstract intelligence Regressive intelligence
Practical intelligenceenables people to deal with other people, including difficult people, and to meet the demands of their environment.See "Theories of Intelligence" from chapter 7 for more information.
_________ is a general mental capability that involves the ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly, and learn from experience. Fallacy Instinct Intelligence Memory
Rationale: Intelligence is a general mental capability that involves the ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly, and learn from experience.See "Theories of Intelligence" from chapter 7 for more information.
_________ is the quality of language in which words are used as symbols for objects, events, or ideas. Divergence Convergence Semanticity Creativity
Semanticityis the quality of language in which words are used as symbols for objects, events, or ideas.See "Language" from chapter 7 for more information.
After setting a five-year goal for their company, a group of managers look at where the company is today and the steps needed to achieve the final goal. They are using a technique called _____. analogies overregularization means-end analysis systematic random search
The managers are using a technique called means-end analysis. Means-end analysis is a heuristic device in which we try to solve a problem by evaluating the difference between the current situation and the goal. See 7-1: Thinking
The _________ of language development holds that the inborn factors—which make up children's nature—cause children to attend to and acquire language in certain ways. factor theory nativist theory triarchic theory existential theory
The nativist theory of language development holds that the innate factors—which make up children's nature—cause children to attend to and acquire language in certain ways.See "Language Development: The Two-Year Explosion" from chapter 7 for more information.
Which of the following statements is true about thinking? Thinking is usually unplanned. Thinking refers to unconscious attempts to make sense of the world. Dreaming and daydreaming represent thinking. Thinking means paying attention to information.
Thinking means paying attention to information, representing it mentally, reasoning about it, and making judgments and decisions about it. See 7-1: Thinking
To test the problem-solving skills of her son, Tiffany asks her son to reorganize groups of scrambled words such as, "skosc,""odg,""imal," and "orod." Tiffany is using _____ of the words, socks, dog, mail, and door. algorithms anagrams overextensions prototypes
Tiffany is using anagrams of the words, socks, dog, mail, and door. Anagrams are scrambled words. The task in anagram problems is to try to reorganize jumbles or groups of letters into words. See 7-1: Thinking
Which of the following statements is true about problem solving? To understand a problem well, it must be viewed independently of the outer world. The parts of our mental representation of the problem should relate to one another in a meaningful way. Experience and background information are not crucial for understanding a problem well. Trial-and-error methods of problem solving are much more effective than algorithms.
To understand a problem, the parts our mental representation of the problem should relate to one another in a meaningful way. See 7-1: Thinking
A sofa, bed, and table are _____ of the category furniture, but a magazine rack, lamp, and piano bench are not. heuristics prototypes algorithms mores
A sofa, bed, and table are prototypes of the category furniture, but a magazine rack, lamp, and piano bench are not. Prototypes are good examples of categories. See 7-1: Thinking
Which of the following statements is true about the influence of genetic factors and environmental factors on intelligence? Environmental factors do not influence intelligence. Genetic factors do not influence intelligence. Genetic factors account for about half of the variations in intelligence test scores among individuals. Genetic factors account for about 90% of the variations in intelligence test scores among individuals.
About half of the difference between your IQ score and the IQ scores of other people can be explained by heredity. See 7-6: Nature and Nurture in Intelligence
A(n)_________ is the tendency to respond to a new problem with the same approach that helped solve similar problems. instinct mental set anagram hypothesis
A mental set is the tendency to respond to a new problem with the same approach that helped solve similar problems. See "Thinking" from chapter 7 for more information.
Christopher has good skills many areas of problem solving and reasoning ability. According to Spearman, Christopher's abilities are indicative of _____. general intelligence regressive intelligence rudimentary intelligence existential intelligence
According to Spearman, Christopher's ability is indicative of general intelligence. In 1904, British psychologist Charles Spearman suggested that the behaviors we consider intelligent have a common underlying factor that he labeled g, for "general intelligence" or broad reasoning and problem-solving abilities. See 7-4: Theories of Intelligence
According to Steinberg, which of the following statements is true about creative people? They accept their limitations. They appreciate art and music. They always take popular stands. They accept ideas at face value.
According to Steinberg, creative people appreciate art and music. See 7-4: Theories of Intelligence
Mozart was a child prodigy. By the age of 12, he had composed several musical pieces.According to Sternberg's model of intelligence, Mozart can be said to have demonstrated a high level of _____. practical intelligence rudimentary intelligence creative intelligence regressive intelligence
According to Sternberg's model of intelligence, Mozart can be said to have demonstrated a high level of creative intelligence. Creative intelligence is defined by the ability to cope with novel situations and generate many possible solutions to problems. See 7-4: Theories of Intelligence
Which of the following statements is true about psycholinguistic theory? It debunks the concept of "universal grammar." It states that prewiring rather than parental speech and reinforcement leads to language acquisition. It focuses on the environmental influences on the acquisition of language. It ignores the role of the inborn tendency to acquire language.
According to psycholinguistic theory, language acquisition involves the interaction of environmental influences—such as exposure to parental speech and reinforcement—and the inborn tendency to acquire language.
According to psycholinguistic theory, the inborn tendency to acquire language is called a _____. language acquisition device language heuristic device reinforcement contingency stimulus-response association
According to psycholinguistic theory, the inborn tendency to acquire language is called a language acquisition device. See 7-3: Language Development: The Two-Year Explosion
Anna points to an object and tells her 2-year-old what it is. The child then points and repeats the label. According to the social-cognitive perspective, Anna serves as a(n) _____ for her child to acquire language skills. incubator model algorithm prototype
According to social-cognitive perspective, Anna serves as a model for her child to acquire language skills. From a social-cognitive perspective, parents serve as models. Children learn language, at least in part, through observation and imitation. See 7-3: Language Development: The Two-Year Explosion
Albert lost the keys to his car sometime between the time he locked it and his return to the car about three hours later. Albert came up with a formula to find the keys;he retraced his steps, going to all of the places he visited after he initially locked the car. Albert eventually found the keys on his office desk. Albert used a(n) _____ to find his keys. mnemonic instinct algorithm anagram
Albert used an algorithm to find his keys. An algorithm is a systematic procedure for solving a problem that works invariably when it is correctly applied. See 7-1: Thinking
Research regarding the use of language in animals supports which of the following statements? Some animals, such as gorillas and chimpanzees, can be taught to use symbols to communicate. Apes cannot string signs together in given sequences. It takes children longer to learn new words than it takes apes to learn language. Apes can comprehend the rules of grammar when they communicate.
Although apes do not speak, they have been taught to use American Sign Language and other symbol systems. See 7-2: Language
Research regarding the use of language in animals supports which of the following statements? Some animals, such as gorillas and chimpanzees, can be taught to use symbols to communicate. Apes cannot string signs together in given sequences. It takes children longer to learn new words than it takes apes to learn language. Apes can comprehend the rules of grammar when they communicate. Rationale:
Although apes do not speak, they have been taught to use American Sign Language and other symbol systems. See 7-2: Language
A(n) _________ is a partial similarity among things that are different in other ways. exemplar analogy heuristic algorithm
An analogyis a partial similarity among things that are different in other ways. See "Thinking" from chapter 7 for more information.
_________ enables us to solve problems and acquire new knowledge, and it is the type of intelligence measured by standard intelligence tests. Analytical intelligence Creative intelligence Existential intelligence Regressive intelligence
Analytical intelligenceenables us to solve problems and acquire new knowledge, and it is the type of intelligence measured by standard intelligence tests.See "Theories of Intelligence" from chapter 7 for more information.
Which of the following statements is true about concepts? They are formed as choppy impressions rather than organized hierarchies. They are not crucial to cognition. They can represent visions of things that can never be measured. They are formed independently of an individual's experience.
Concepts can represent objects, events, and activities— and visions of things that never were or cannot be measured. See 7-1: Thinking
_________ is the quality of language that permits one to communicate information about objects and events in another time and place. Semanticity Creativity Displacement Cognition
Displacement is the quality of language that permits one to communicate information about objects and events in another time and place.See "Language" from chapter 7 for more information.
In order to teach kindergarten students about mammals, a teacher tells the students that fishes and birds are not mammals. These are _____ of the mammal concept. overextensions memory traces prototypes negative instances
Fishes and birds are negative instances of the mammal concept.A negative instance is when we identify something as not belonging to a concept. See 7-1: Thinking
_________ are rules of thumb that help us simplify and solve problems. Heuristics Anagrams Exemplars Analogies
Heuristics rules of thumb thathelp us simplify and solve problems.See "Thinking" from chapter 7 for more information.
In Gestalt psychology, a(n) _________ is a sudden perception of relationships among elements of the mentally represented elements of a problem that permits its solution. algorithm insight holophrase analogy
In Gestalt psychology, an insight is a sudden perception of relationships among elements of the mentally represented elements of a problem that permits its solution.See "Thinking" from chapter 7 for more information.
Which of the following statements is true about heuristics? They permit more rapid solutions than algorithms. They are more complicated than algorithms. They guarantee correct solutions. They require novel problem-solving strategies to be created.
In contrast to algorithms, heuristics do not guarantee a correct solution. But when they work, they permit more rapid solutions. See 7-1: Thinking
In _________, the problem solver associates freely to the elements of the problem, allowing "leads" to run a nearly limitless course. functional fixedness convergent thinking the availability heuristic divergent thinking
In divergent thinking, the problem solver associates freely to the elements of the problem, allowing "leads" to run a nearly limitless course. See "Theories of Intelligence" from chapter 7 for more information.
In psycholinguistic theory, _________ is a neural "prewiring" that facilitates the child's learning of grammar. language fixation language acquisition device infinite creativity mental set
In psycholinguistic theory, language acquisition device is a neural "prewiring" that facilitates the child's learning of grammar.See "Language Development: The Two-Year Explosion" from chapter 7 for more information.
In psycholinguistic theory, _________ is a neural "prewiring" that facilitates the child's learning of grammar. language fixation language acquisition device infinite creativity mental set
In psycholinguistic theory, language acquisition device is a neural "prewiring" that facilitates the child's learning of grammar.See "Language Development: The Two-Year Explosion" from chapter 7 for more information.
Daniel is an eight-year-old boy. After taking a test, the Binet-Simon scale showed that he is functioning intellectually like an eight year old. Therefore, Daniel has a(n) _____ of eight. intelligence quotient heuristic device mental age analogy
In this scenario, Daniel has a mental age of eight. Mental age (MA) shows the intellectual level at which a child is functioning. See 7-5: The Measurement of Intelligence
Susan has the ability to look at the moon and the stars at night and to develop insights into the laws that govern their behavior. In this context, Susan has _____. rudimentary intelligence regressive intelligence existential intelligence naturalist intelligence
In this scenario, Susan has naturalist intelligence. Naturalist intelligence refers to the ability to look at natural events, such as kinds of animals and plants, or the stars above, and to develop insights into their nature and the laws that govern their behavior.See 7-4: Theories of Intelligence
_________ is a general mental capability that involves the ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly, and learn from experience. Fallacy Instinct Intelligence Memory
Intelligence is a general mental capability that involves the ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly, and learn from experience.See "Theories of Intelligence" from chapter 7 for more information.
Joan is a ten-year-old girl with a mental age of twelve. According to Stern,Joan's IQ is _____. 90 125 120 100
Joan's IQ is 120. IQ is measured by dividing mental age by chronological age and multiplying the result by 100. See 7-5: The Measurement of Intelligence