Chapter 7 - Attitudes, Beliefs, and Consistency

What is cognitive dissonance?

Inner tension that a consumer experiences after recognizing an inconsistency between behavior and values or opinions

What is the A-B problem?

The issue of how well attitude (A) can predict behavior (B).

What is the neutral stimulus?

a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning

Fast evaluation is to slow evaluation as _____ is to ______. A. automatic attitude; deliberate attitude B. deliberate attitude; automatic attitude C. primacy effect; recency effect D. primary effect; recency effect

A.

Which statement summarizes the basic idea underlying effort justification? A. less leads to more B. more leads to less C. Suffering leads to liking D. Liking leads to suffering

A.

Which concept can be defined as a global evaluation? A. Attitude B. Belief C. intention D. Value

A. Attitude

Dual attitudes refer to _____ and _____ attitudes. A. automatic; deliberate B. new; old C. private;public D. rewarded; unawarded

A. automatic; deliberate

Which is faster, believing or disbelieving? A. believing B. Disbelieving C. equal D. depends on age

A. believing

Trent was in a serious car crash. He totaled his car and broke his collarbone. Trent considered himself very unlucky. While in the hospital, he saw a story on the local news about another car accident in which the driver totaled his car and suffered serious brain damage. After hearing the news report, Trent now considers himself lucky rather than unlucky. What type of social comparison did Trent make? A. downward B. lateral C. upward d. none

A. downward

Juan wasn't sure whether he was in favor of capital punishment or not. However, after receiving an "A" on a speech paper denouncing capital punishment, he decides that capital punishment is ineffective and inhumane. This is an example of _________. A. classical conditioning B. operant conditioning C. social learning D. verbal learning

A. operant conditioning

Which concept can be defined as pieces of info about something? A. attitudes B. Beliefs C. Intentions D. Values

B. Beliefs

Alissa heard a new song on the radio that she likes. A company used the same song in its advertising jingle, and the song was played over and over, so she was repeatedly exposed to the song. Alissa's attitude toward the song is likely _________. A. become ambivalent B. become more negative C. become more positive D. remain the same

C. more positive

The best way to predict whether people will go see Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: part 2 is to assess their attitudes towards _________. A. boxing B. films C. the previous films D. sports

C. previous films

If the word "pink" is followed by negative words and frowns from his mother, the toddler learns to respond negatively to the word "pink". This is an example of ____________ A. classical conditioning B. operant conditioning C. social learning D. verbal learning

C. social learning

Cognitive dissonance theory predicts that when there is little external justification for having performed an act, dissonance will be _______ and attitude change will ________. A. high;occur B. high:not occur C. low;occur D. low:not occur

D.

In 1934, a social psychologist and a Chinese couple drove 10,000 miles across the country, stopping at numerous hotels and restaurants. The Chinese couple received service at all of the establishments except one. Six months later, Lapiere sent a questionnaire to the same establishments, asking whether they would accommodate Chinese guests. how many said they would accommodate Chinese guests A. More than 90% B. About 75% C. About 25% D. Less than 10%

D. less than 10%

What is a filter bubble?

Search engines learn your habits and preferences and automatically filter out information that would challenge or broaden your world view. A filter bubble also occurs when people purposefully eliminate news or information that challenges their ideology or perspective.

What are subjective norms?

Social pressure to participate in behavior

What is the conditioned response?

a learned response to a conditioned stimulus

What is the unconditioned response?

a reflexive reaction that is reliably produced by an unconditioned stimulus

What is operant conditioning?

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

What is classical conditioning?

a type of learning in which repeated pairing of neutral stimulus comes to evoke a conditioned response

What is attitude polarization?

attitudes become more extreme as we reflect on them

What is post-decisions dissonance?

cognitive dissonance experienced after making a difficult

What are dual attitudes?

different evaluations of the same attitude object held by the same person. (automatic or deliberate)

What are attitudes?

global evaluations toward some object or issue

What is accessibility?

how easily the attitude comes to mind

What is coping?

how people attempt to deal with stressful traumas and go back to functioning effectively in life

What is the cognitive dissonance theory?

inconsistencies produce psychological discomfort, leading people to rationalize their behavior or change their attitudes.

What is social learning?

learning by observing the behavior of others

What are beliefs?

pieces of information about something; facts or opinions

What are deliberate attitudes?

reflective responses that people think more carefully about

What is conditioned stimulus?

something that elicits a response only after learning

What are attitudes mainly used for?

sort things into "good" or "bad"

What is belief perseverance?

tendency to stick to our initial beliefs even when evidence contradicts them

What is cognitive coping?

the idea that beliefs play a central role in helping people cope with and recover from misfortunes

What is the mere exposure effect?

the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them

What is selective exposure?

the tendency to seek information and media that agree with one's views and to avoid dissonant information

What is the unconditioned stimulus?

the thing that elicits the unconditioned response. does not require learning

What are assumptive worlds?

the view the people live in social worlds based on certain beliefs (assumptions) about reality

What are automatic attitudes?

very fast evaluations, "gut feeling"

What is effort justification?

when people suffer or work hard or make sacrifices, they will try to convince themselves that it is worthwhile.

According to Gordon Allport, what is the most important concept in psychology? A. Aggression B. Attitudes C. Discrimination D. Social influence

B. attitudes

Sometimes even social psychologists are reluctant to give up their pet theories, even when date contradicts those theories. This is called ______. A. assumptive world belief B. belief perspective C. mere exposure effect D. the A-B problem

B. belief perspective

Don says he values the environment. Someone reminds Don that he litters, wastes water, eats a lot of meat, drives a gas-guzzling car alone, and never uses public transportation. Don feels a certain amount of mental discomfort, which is most likely: A. attitude polarization B. cognitive dissonance C. effort justification D. negative attitude change

B. cognitive dissonance

The specific process of avoiding information that is different from what one already believes is called ____. A. cognitive dissonance B. predictive selection C. rationality D. selective exposure

D. selective exposure

What are perceived behavioral control?

an individual's beliefs about whether they can actually preform the behavior in question

What are behavior intentions?

an individual's plans to perform the behavior in question