Chapter 7 Biology Test

what lactose is present in a bacteria, what will it bind to in order to allow transcription to take place?

RNA polymerase

What are the three stop codons?

UAA, UAG, and UGA

An ____________ is a region of DNA that consists of one or more genes that encode the proteins needed for a specific function.

operon

A change in a single nucleotide in DNA is a ____________.

point mutation

RNA ____________ is the enzyme that transcribes DNA to mRNA

polemerse

Repressors ____________ transcription.

prevent

RNA polymerase binds to the ____________ of a gene.

promoter

RNA polymerase binds to the _______________, a region on a gene that signals DNA to unwind so it can be read.

promoter

Gene expression is regulated to ensure that the correct ____________ are made.

proteins

Transcription is partly controlled by ____________ proteins

regulatory

what is the name of the proteins that will control transcription by either activating or repressing RNA polymerase?

regulatory proteins

The mRNA molecule is read, codon by codon, until a ____________ codon is reached.

stop

Transcription takes place in three steps: initiation, elongation, and ____________.

termination

____________ is the second part of the central dogma of molecular biology: RNA!Protein.

translation

during embryo development, what genes regulate development?

homebox genes

which regions of mRNA are removed because it does not code for proteins?

introns

what is the chromosomal alterations that will occur when one chromosome gives a segment of its chromosome to another chromosome?

inversion

Transcription takes place in the ____________ of the cell.

nucleus

The ____________ is a region of an operon where regulatory proteins bind.

operator

DNA is made up of nucleotide monomers that are composed of ________________________________________________________________________________.

phosphate group, ribose sugar, nitrogen-containing base

what is the type of mutation that will occur when a nucleotide is inserted or deleted in the DNA sequence?

point mutation

Which form of mRNA processing adds an adenine base "tail" to mRNA, which signals the end of mRNA?

polyadenylation

what are the components of the lac operon?

promoter, operon, and three structural genes

how will DNA repair itself?

repair proteins cut out damaged nucleotides and DNA polymerase and ligase add normal nucleotides in their place

Which type of RNA forms ribosomes, receives mRNA message, and assembles the proteins in the cytoplasm?

ribosomal RNA

Proteins are made in the cytoplasm on small organelles called ____________.

ribosomes

The ____________ box is a regulatory element that is part of the promoter of most eukaryotic genes.

tata

what is the type of chromosomal alteration that will occur when one chromosome exchanges a segment of its chromosome with another chromosome

translocation

what scientists discovered that DNA is shaped in the form of a double helix?

watson and crick

adenine is held to thymine with _____________________ and guanine is held to cytosine with ____________________.

2 hydrogen bonds, 3 hydrogen bonds

A group of three bases in the mRNA is a ____________.

Tatabox

____________ RNA brings amino acids to ribosomes.

Transfer

what scientist isolated and purified Griffith's transforming principle and was led to the conclusion thats DNA is the genetic material?

avery

Mutations in tumor-suppressor genes can cause ____________.

cancer

where does this take place: DNA—> RNA —> Protein ____________

central dogma

Chargiffs rule states that ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________-.

Adenines approximently equals thymine and guanines approximently equals cytosine

the bonds between pairs break and __________________ unwinds the DNA

DNA helicase

what occurs in the central dogma?

DNA is replicated, RNA is transcriped, and proteins are transcribed.

what enzymes job is to join together Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand?

DNA polymerase.

what is the start codon?

AUg

A change in the sequence of bases in ____________ is called a mutation.

DNA and RNA

____________ mutations can be transmitted to offspring

Germline

After a protein is produced, it can then be modified at the ________________ for a specific job it will do.

Golgi apparatus

____________ and Chase confirmed that DNA is the genetic material.

Hershey

Transcription is the transfer of genetic instructions in DNA to ____________.

RNA

____________ contains the nitrogen base uracil.

RNA

____________ RNA helps form ribosomes.

Ribosomal

In DNA, A always pairs with _____ and G always pairs with _____

T, C

Multiple Choice: Which of the following statements is correct? (1) Activators promote transcription by enhancing the interaction of RNA polymerase with the promoter. (2) Repressors promote transcription by enhancing the progress of RNA polymerase along the DNA strand. (3) Repressors prevent transcription by impeding the progress of RNA polymerase along the DNA strand. (4) Activators prevent transcription by impeding the interaction of RNA polymerase with the promoter. a 1 and 3 b 2 and 4 c 1 only d All 4 statements are correct.

a 1 and 3

Multiple choice: Differences between DNA and RNA include which of the following? (1) RNA consists of one nucleotide chain. (2) RNA contains the nitrogen base uracil instead of thymine. (3) RNA contains the sugar ribose instead of deoxyribose. a 1, 2, and 3 b 1 and 2 c 2 and 3 d 2 only

a 1, 2, and 3

IMultiple choice: if one strand of DNA is CAGGTTACG, the opposite strand is a GTCCAATGC. b GTCCTTAGC. c CAGGTTACG. d GTCCTTACG.

a GTCCAATGC.

Multiple Choice: Which of the following statements are correct concerning mutations? a Mutations are essential for evolution to occur. b A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases only in DNA. c Most mutations have a big effect on the organism in which they occur. d all of the above

a Mutations are essential for evolution to occur.

Multiple Choice: For protein synthesis to initiate a RNA polymerase must bind to a gene's promoter. b nucleotides must be added to the mRNA strand. c the mRNA must be flow from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. d the tRNA and rRNA molecules must be made.

a RNA polymerase must bind to a gene's promoter.

Multiple Choice: Which of the following statements is correct? a Regulatory proteins bind to regulatory elements, which are located near promoters. b Regulatory elements bind to regulatory proteins, which are located near promoters. c Regulatory proteins bind to regulatory elements, which are also known as operons. d Regulatory proteins bind to regulatory elements, which are located near enhancers.

a Regulatory proteins bind to regulatory elements, which are located near promoters.

Multiple Choice: Which of the following statements is correct? a Translation occurs in a ribosome when the codons on the mRNA are "read." b Translation occurs in a ribosome when the anticodons on the mRNA are "read." c Translation occurs in a ribosome when the codons on the rRNA are "read." d Transcription occurs in a ribosome when the codons on the mRNA are "read."

a Translation occurs in a ribosome when the codons on the mRNA are "read."

Multiple Choice: A frameshift mutation a changes the reading frame of the base sequence. b can be due to a translocation between two chromosomes. c may not have an effect on how the codons in mRNA are read. d all of the above.

a changes the reading frame of the base sequence.

Multiple Choice: Gene regulation during development involves a homeobox genes. b proto-oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes. c the lac operon. d all of the above

a homeobox genes.

Multiple choice: The types of RNA include a messenger RNA. b nuclear RNA. c cytoplasmic RNA. d all of the above

a messenger RNA.

Multiple choice: Chargaff's rules state that a the amount of adenine equals the amount of thymine. b the amount of adenine equals the amount of guanine. c the amount of thymine equals the amount of guanine. d the amount of cytosine equals the amount of thymine.

a the amount of adenine equals the amount of thymine.

Activators ____________ transcription.

activate

Polyadenylation adds a "tail" of ____________ to the mRNA.

aenine

A silent point mutation codes for the same ____________.

amino acid

An ____________ of the tRNA is complementary to the codon.

anticodon

Multiple Choice: Which of the following statements concerning DNA is correct? (1) DNA contains instructions for all the proteins your body makes. (2) The shape of DNA is a double helix. (3) The central dogma of molecular biology states RNA → DNA → Protein. a 1 only b 1 and 2 c 2 and 3 d 1, 2, and 3

b 1 and 2

Multiple Choice: Which statement best describes the TATA box? a The TATA box is a regulatory element that is part of the promoter of most prokaryotic genes. b The TATA box is a regulatory element that is part of the promoter of most eukaryotic genes. c The TATA box is a regulatory protein that binds to the promoter of most eukaryotic genes. d The TATA box is a regulatory protein that binds to the promoter of most prokaryotic genes.

b The TATA box is a regulatory element that is part of the promoter of most eukaryotic genes.

Multiple Choice: Which of the following statements concerning the lac operon is correct? a When lactose is present, the repressor protein binds to the operator. b When lactose is absent, a repressor protein binds to the operator. c When lactose is absent, a repressor protein binds to the promoter. d When lactose is present, the repressor protein binds to the promoter.

b When lactose is absent, a repressor protein binds to the operator.

Multiple choice: The subunits of DNA are nucleotides consisting of a a sugar, a carbon group, and a nitrogen-containing base. b a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen-containing base. c a sugar, a phosphate group, and an oxygen-containing base. d a lipid, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen-containing base.

b a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen-containing base.

Multiple Choice: The genetic code is universal." This statement means that a each codon codes for just one amino acid. b all known living things have the same genetic code. c most amino acids are encoded by more than one codon. d all of the above

b all known living things have the same genetic code.

Multiple Choice: Which of the following terms is most closely associated with a tRNA molecule? a codon b anticodon c transcription d ribosome

b anticodon

Multiple Choice: Germline mutations are potentially dangerous, as they a are confined to just one cell and its daughter cells. b can be passed on to offspring. c can be silent mutations and go undetected. d all of the above

b can be passed on to offspring

Multiple Choice: A missense mutation a results in a premature stop codon. b codes for a different amino acid. c codes for the same amino acid. d results in a frameshift mutation.

b codes for a different amino acid.

Multiple Choice: Using a gene to make a protein is called a protein expression. b gene expression. c gene regulation. d protein synthesis.

b gene expression.

Multiple Choice: The two processes of protein synthesis are a gene expression and protein expression. b transcription and translation. c replication and translation. d transcription and the genetic code.

b transcription and translation.

____________ mutations have a positive effect on the organism in which they occur.

beneficial

Multiple Choice: Which of the following statements is correct? (1) Translation always begins with an UAG start codon. (2) The start codon establishes the reading frame of mRNA. (3) The mRNA molecule is read one codon at a time until a stop codon is reached. a 1 only b 2 only c 2 and 3 d 1, 2, and 3

c 2 and 3

Multiple choice: The order of experiments proving that DNA is the genetic material is a Avery → Griffith → Hershey and Chase. b Hershey and Chase → Griffith → Avery. c Griffith → Avery → Hershey and Chase. d Griffith → Hershey and Chase → Avery.

c Griffith → Avery → Hershey and Chase.

Multiple Choice: Which of the following statements is correct? a Editing changes some of the nucleotides in DNA. b Polyadenylation adds a string of Cs to the mRNA. c Splicing removes introns from mRNA. d all of the above

c Splicing removes introns from mRNA.

Multiple Choice: Beneficial mutations a may only cause mild genetic disorders. b are silent mutations, which code for the same amino acid. c help organisms adapt to changes in their environment. d are only caused by beneficial mutagens, like barbecuing and tanning.

c help organisms adapt to changes in their environment.

Multiple Choice: Chromosomal alterations include deletions and a transfer mutations. b doubling mutations. c inversion mutations. d location mutations.

c inversion mutations.

Multiple Choice: Gene expression is regulated a to ensure that all cells make the same proteins. b to ensure that the correct proteins are made from the right genes. c to ensure that the correct proteins are made in the cells in which they are needed. d to ensure that all cells only use some genes.

c to ensure that the correct proteins are made in the cells in which they are needed.

. ____________ is a disease in which cells grow out of control.

cancer

The amount of A equals the amount of T and the amount of G equals the amount of C is known as ___________ rules.

chargoff

Chromosomal alterations are mutations that change ____________ structure.

chromosome

____________ smoke contains dozens of mutagenic chemicals.

cigarette

Translation takes place in the ________________.

cytoplasm

Multiple Choice: How many possible codons exist in the genetic code? a 3 b 20 c 46 d 64

d 64

Multiple choice: The structure of DNA was identified by a Rosalind Franklin. b Erwin Chargaff. c Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase. d James Watson and Francis Crick.

d James Watson and Francis Crick.

Multiple Choice: Which of the following statements concerning mutations is correct? a Mutations can happen spontaneously without any outside influence. b Cigarette smoke is a significant cause of mutations. c Mutations may occur during DNA replication or transcription. d all of the above

d all of the above

Multiple Choice: Which of the following types of mutations can result in a genetic disorder? a a deletion b an insertion c a duplication

d all of the above

Multiple Choice: Which three factors are involved in eukaryotic gene regulation? a regulatory proteins, regulatory elements, and activators b regulatory proteins, operator, and promoter c regulatory proteins, regulatory elements, and RNA polymerase d regulatory proteins, regulatory elements, and enhancers

d regulatory proteins, regulatory elements, and enhancers

Griffith showed that a substance could be transferred to harmless bacteria and make them ____________.

deadly

what is the chromosomal alterations that will occur when the chromosome deletes a segment of its chromosomes?

deletion

DNA stands for ____________.

deoxyribonucleic acid

Homeobox genes regulate ____________.

development

a missense mutation codes for _________________.

different amino acid

Regulatory proteins bind to regions of DNA, called regulatory ____________.

element

Splicing removes ____________ from mRNA.

entrons

Mutations are essential for ____________ to occur because they increase genetic variation.

evolution

A ____________ mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more nucleotides that changes the reading frame of the base sequence.

frameshift

Using a gene to make a protein is called ____________ expression

gene

A ____________ disorder is a disease caused by a mutation in one or a few genes.

genetic

All known living things have the same ____________ code.

genetic

The DNA molecule has a double ____________ shape

helix

where does the RNA polymerase bind in a eukaryotic cell?

in the Tatabox

What are the three steps of transcription?

initiation, elongation, and termination

____________ RNA copies the genetic instructions from DNA in the nucleus, and carries them to the cytoplasm.

mRna

AUG is the start codon and it codes for the amino acid ____________.

met

Mutations that occur in gametes are known as ______________________.

missense mutations

what is something in the environment that can change DNA?

mutagen

__________________ are changes in DNA or RNA that change the sequence of nitrogen bases.

mutations

Neutral mutations have ____________ effect on the organism.

no

transcription takes place in the _______________.

nucleus