Chapter 7 Connect Quiz Answers

Rhonda can't remember anything about the first several minutes immediately following a car in which she was injured. Rhonda is experiencing ______ amnesia. a. Anterograde b. Retrograde c. Retroactive d. Proactive

a. Anterograde

Which of the following is TRUE of the levels-of-processing theory? a. At an intermediate level of processing, information is translated into meaningful units. b. At deep levels of processing, information is processed in terms of its physical and sensory aspects. c. At shallow levels of processing, information is analyzed in terms of its meaning. d. When the initial level of processing of specific information is shallow, the information will be retained for longer.

a. At an intermediate level of processing, information is translated into meaningful units.

Which of the following best describes the effect of stress on working memory capacity? a. Stress can reduce the effectiveness of working memory by reducing its capacity. b. Stress increases the capacity of working memory dramatically. c. Stress increases the capacity of working memory only marginally. d. Stress has no effect on the capacity of working memory.

a. Stress can reduce the effectiveness of working memory by reducing its capacity.

Which of the following statements is TRUE of working memory? a. Sensory memory is referred to as working memory. b. Working memory permits us to keep information in an active state briefly so that we can do something with the information. c. Working memory stores information on a relatively permanent basis, although it may be difficult to retrieve. d. Working memory avoids the use of cognitive resources of information.

b. Working memory permits us to keep information in an active state briefly so that we can do something with the information.

According to the levels-of-processing theory, which of the following students should retrieve information more successfully on classroom tests? a. Giselle, who underlines the important content in the text. b. Noel, who reads the content in his text loudly. c. Irene, who pays close attention to what is taught in class d. Grant, who attempts to memorize his notes

c. Irene, who pays close attention to what is taught in class

Taking calls while driving should be avoided because a. Information is less likely to get stored in short-term memory and people are less likely to recall it as well. b. It is likely to stress our working memory and cause us to choke. c. It is likely to burden our working and make us less aware of our surroundings. d. Information is unlikely to be transferred from short-term memory.

c. It is likely to burden our working and make us less aware of our surroundings.

Knowing how to serve a badminton birdie is an example of a(n) _____ memory. a. Semantic b. Declarative c. Procedural d. Episodic

c. Procedural

Julia is puzzled over a fil-in-the-blank question in her sociology test paper. To answer the question correctly, Julia has to use ____ memory. a. Subconscious b. Implied c. Implicit d. Explicit

d. Explicit

The levels-of-processing approach suggests a. That the lesser the intensity of the intial processing of information, the more likely we are to remember it. b. The existence of the three separate memory stores: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. c. That when the initial level of processing of specific information is shallow, the information will be retained for longer. d. That specific information will be retained for longer when the level of information processing is deeper.

d. That specific information will be retained for longer when the level of information processing is deeper

The unconscious process whereby disturbing memories are prevented from entering awareness is called a. Regression. b. Denial. c. Projection. d. Suppression.

a. Regression.

Iconic memory, a type of sensory memory, reflects information associated with the a. Olfactory system b. Visual system c. Auditory system d. Gustatory system

b. Visual system

The process by which we encode, store, and retrieve information is known as a. Perception b. Cognition c. Memory d. Rehearsal

c. Memory

In the process of chunking, information is grouped and stored in a. Semantic memory. b. Sensory memory. c. Short-term memory. d. Procedural memory.

c. Short-term memory.

________ memory is the memory for general knowledge and facts about the world, as well as memory for the rules of logic that are used to deduce other facts. a. Nondeclarative b. Episodic c. Semantic d. Procedural

c. Semantic

Pierre has been an alcoholic for several decades. Now in his 50s, his intellectual abilities are intact, but he suffers from memory deficits and hallucinations. Based on this information, you suspect that Pierre may be afflicted with a. Proactive interference b. Anterograde amnesia c. Alzheimer's disease d. Korsakoff's syndrome

d. Korsakoff's syndrome

Iconic memory and echoic memory are types of a. Semantic memory. b. Declarative memory. c. Short-term memory. d. Sensory memory.

d. Sensory memory.

According to contemporary memory theorists, which of the following statements is true of short-term memory? a. Short-term memory is an independent way station into which memories arrive, either to fade or to be passed on to long-term memory. b. Short-term memory operates as a kind of snapshot that stores information - which may be a visual, auditory, or other sensory nature - for a brief moment in time. c. Short-term memory holds a relatively full and detailed - representation of the world and has complete representation capabilities. d. Short-term memory is like an information-processing system that manages both new material from sensory memory and older material that has been pulled from long-term storage.

d. Short-term memory is like an information-processing system that manages both new material from sensory memory and older material that has been pulled from long-term storage.

Which of the following is likely to be determined by culture? a. The strategies used to answer memory tests b. Working memory c. Short-term memory capacity d. The strategies used to practice learning information

d. The strategies used to practice learning information

Mickey is about to take his psychology finals. Just before the exam, the person sitting next to him asks him the name of the physiologist who worked on classical conditioning. Mickey suddenly realizes that he cannot quite remember the name, but he knows that it starts with a P and is two syllables long. Mickey is experiencing a. Simple decay b. Retrograde amnesia c. Repression d. The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

d. The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

"I know it? It's um....um...... It starts with 'G', "begins a trivia-game contestant excitedly. The contestsant is falling prey to the ________ phenomenon. a. Flashbulb memory b. Motivated forgetting c. Retrograde interference d. Tip-of-the-tongue

d. Tip-of-the-tongue

_______ rehearsal occurs when information is considered and organized in some fashion. a. Rote b. Elaborative c. Primary d. Maintenance

b. Elaborative

Drew is unable to recall whether Lincoln's head faces left or right on the penny. Which of the following is probably the best explanation for Drew's memory failure? a. The information was learned so long ago that it is no longer stores in Drew's long-term memory. b. The information was immediately displaced from Drew's working memory after it was encoded. c. The information is difficult to retrieve because it is stored along with so many other pieces of information in Drew's long-term memory. d. The information was not encoded, because Drew never really paid attention to Lincoln's head on the penny.

d. The information was not encoded, because Drew never really paid attention to Lincoln's head on the penny.

Dr. Peter Ziemer is seeing a new patient, Mrs. Aaronson. She is experiencing memory losses. Dr. Ziemer tests her language and problem-solving abilities. He also asks her if she has a history of alcohol abuse. What might the language and problem-solving tests tell Dr.Ziemer? What would the answer to the alcohol-abuse question tell him?

The language and problem-solving tests would help Dr. Ziemer determine whether Mrs. Aaronson suffers from Alzheimer's disease on the one hand, or some form of amnesia on the other. The answer to the alcohol-abuse question would let Dr. Ziemer know whether Korsakoff's syndrome is possibility in her case.

A schema is a. A conceptual framework for interpreting a situation b. An important result of decay c. An item that has been forgotten d. A form of proactive interference

a. A conceptual framework for interpreting a situation

Dr. Tranh has given so many lectures that he gives little thought to what he expects might happen. He assumes students will assemble, take notes, and occasionally ask a question. That Dr. Tranh finds the process so routine reflects the development of a. A schema b. A semantic association c. Explicit memory d. A retrieval path

a. A schema

Which of the following statements is true of implicit memory? a. Implicit memory can be studied through experiments that use priming. b. Implicit memory is unlikely to exist side by side with explicit memory. c. Implicit memory is insignificant in determining prejudice and discrimination. d. Implicit memory refers to memories of which people are consciously aware.

a. Implicit memory can be studied through experiments that use priming.

In rehearsal, as long as a piece of information is repeated, it a. Is maintained in short-term memory. b. Is retained in sensory memory. c. Undergoes a high level of analysis and processing. d. Acts as a retrieval cue for recalling purposes.

a. Is maintained in short-term memory.

Although it has been 5 years since he last played basketball, Robert can still shoot hoops with east. Robert's memory is an example of a. Nondeclarative memory b. Sensory memory c. Explicit memory d. Episodic memory

a. Nondeclarative memory

_________ is a phenomenon in which exposure to a word or concept later makes it easier to recall related information, even when there is no conscious memory of the word or concept. a. Priming b. Rehearsal c. Chunking d. Flashbulb

a. Priming

In ______ interference, information learned earlier disrupts the recall of information learned more recently; in ______ interference, recently learned information disrupts the recall of information learned earlier. a. Proactive; retroactive b. Regressive; progressive c. Progressive; regressive d. Retroactive; proactive

a. Proactive; retroactive

Owen has trouble remembering a friend's new phone number; he keeps recalling the old number instead. Completing a rental application, Pippa finds she can't recall one of her previous addresses as she's had several addresses since. Owen is experiencing ______ interference; Pippa is experiencing ______. a. Proactive; retroactive interference b. Retroactive; proactive interference c. Retrograde; anterograde interference

a. Proactive; retroactive interference

_________ is a memory task in which individuals are presented with a stimulus and asked whether they have been exposed to it in the past or to identify it from a list of alternatives. a. Recognition b. Recall c. Chunk d. Rehearsal

a. Recognition

Material in memory storage has to be located and brought into awareness to be useful. This process is known as a. Retrieval b. Encoding c. Potentiation d. Storage

a. Retrieval

Tommy is repeating a series of digits in the order in which he heard an experimenter read them. The experimenter is testing the capacity of Tommy's _____ memory. Tommy should be able to repeat about ______ digits correctly. a. Short-term; seven b. Sensory; seven c. Short-term; four d. Sensory; four

a. Short-term; seven

1. Which of the following is the best reason that we have trouble remembering the license plate number of a car that we just passed 10 minutes ago? a. We probably never encoded the number in the first place. b. The memory, though present, is too difficult to retrieve expect under special circumstances, such as hypnosis or substantial amounts of stress. c. License plate numbers are too difficult to remember easily. d. Working memory lasts only a minute or so.

a. We probably never encoded the number in the first place.

Middle-aged Mrs. Lovett is recalling her first Christmas as a young newlywed at her in laws' Wyoming ranch. This is a(n) ____ memory. a. Implicit b. Autobiographical c. Nondeclarative d. Procedural

b. Autobiographical

You examine the schedule for your favorite soccer team. The team plays 16 games each season. Later, you try recalling that schedule for a friend who likes the same team you do. Chances are, you will recall opponents at the beginning of the schedule particularly well. This is an example of the _______ effect. a. List b. Primacy c. Consolidation

b. Primacy

"Discuss several factors that contributed to the economic collapse of late-2008," asks a question in the midterm paper of an economics course. Such a question is a test of _____ memory. a. Nondeclarative b. Recall c. Procedural d. Recognition

b. Recall

Three-year old Jane had learned the names of fruits from a picture book. She was taken to a grocery store and asked to identify apples and melons kept in the store. Which of the following memory tasks would be used by Jane to identify the fruits? a. Rehearsal b. Recognition c. Recall d. Consolidation

b. Recognition

Omar experienced a dissociative-fugue state. He suddenly snapped out of it in front of the pet-supplies display in a discount store; he had no memory whatsoever of his previous life in Greensboro, NC. Omar's amnesia is best described as a. Anterograde b. Retrograde c. Proactive d. Retroactive

b. Retrograde

During a conversation, Jerry told his friend that their favorite rock band was going to perform in their city. However, he could not remember the medium through which he got the information about the show. Jerry was experiencing a. Dissociative amnesia b. Source amnesia c. Retrograde amnesia d. Anterograde amnesia

b. Source amnesia

The levels-of-processing approach a. Holds that meaningless material produces greater depth of processing than material that can easily be fitted into meaningful contexts. b. Suggests that thinking about material leads to better memory than maintenance rehearsal. c. Assumes that the longer the material is in working memory, the deeper will be its memory traces. d. Is primarily concerned with a type of memory called "procedural."

b. Suggests that thinking about material leads to better memory than maintenance rehearsal.

Which of the following is TRUE of flashbulb memories? a. The less distinctive a stimulus is, the more likely we are to recall it later. b. The details recalled in flashbulb memories are often inaccurate. c. Flashbulb memories contain every detail of an original scene. d. A distinctive stimulus always helps us remember the source of the information.

b. The details recalled in flashbulb memories are often inaccurate.

What best describes most therapists' views of repressed memories? a. Most suggest that repressed memories are the result of normal information processing. b. There is no consensus among therapists, which remains a challenge. c. Most maintain that there is insufficient scientific support for the existence of repressed memories. d. Most give great weight to the authenticity of repressed memories.

b. There is no consensus among therapists, which remains a challenge.

Mark is trying to remember the zip code for Round Rock, Texas. Mark is testing his explicit memory, which is also known as ____ memory. a. Implicit b. Procedural c. Declarative d. Sensory

c. Declarative

Which of the following sequences best reflects the order in which memory processes occur, from first to last? a. Storage - encoding - retrieval b. Storage - retrieval - encoding c. Encoding - storage - retrieval d. Encoding - retrieval - storage

c. Encoding - storage - retrieval

Memories of which we are not consciously aware of but can affect subsequent performance and behavior are called _______ memories. a. Internal b. Subliminal c. Implicit d. Subconscious

c. Implicit

A research participant is required to report as much of a poem as he can remember, immediately after having read the poem once. We would expect the greatest number of recall errors in lines a. At the end of the poem. b. Anywhere in the poem. c. In the middle of the poem. d. At the beginning of the poem.

c. In the middle of the poem.

We look up a number in the phone book, push the book away, and then begin to dial the number. Why do we discourage an interruption during this process? a. Short-term memory can only hold one or two chunks of information. b. Information can only last a minute or so in short-term memory. c. Information lats only 15-25 seconds in short-term memory. d. Information lasts only 5-6 seconds in short-term memory.

c. Information lats only 15-25 seconds in short-term memory.

Identify the theory of forgetting that has been correctly matched with its description. a. Cue- dependent forgetting- Forgetting occurs because other information in memory disrupts the retrieval of the information one is trying to remember. b. Decay - Material that was learned later disrupts the retrieval of information that was learned earlier. c. Interference - information in memory disrupts the recall of other information stored in memory. d. Retroactive interference - information learned earlier disrupts the recall of newer material.

c. Interference - information in memory disrupts the recall of other information stored in memory.

Who among the following is using his or her working memory? a. Pierre, who recalls some memories of the first time he met his spouse b. Yakub, who explains how he can play the guitar ever after years of no practice c. Juanita, who recalls the steps of her mother's recipe while cooking her favorite dish d. Omar, who tries to recall the name of an old colleague

c. Juanita, who recalls the steps of her mother's recipe while cooking her favorite dish

Which of the following statements best describes the forgetting function that Ebbinghaus discovered? a. Material is forgotten at a relatively slow rate at first, then the rate of forgetting speeds up. b. Material is forgotten at a relatively constant rate once it has been learned. c. Material is forgotten relatively rapidly at first, and then the rate of forgetting slows down. d. Nothing is ever really forgotten.

c. Material is forgotten relatively rapidly at first, and then the rate of forgetting slows down.

The brain scans of taxi drivers in London show differences in the shape of the hippocampus compared to non-taxi drivers. According to Woollett and Maguire (2009) and Jiang, Miao, and Chen (2017), the differences are consistent with the idea that a. Stress can reduce the effectiveness of the hippocampus by reducing its capacity b. The hippocampus uses a significant amount of cognitive resources during its operation as it processes information. c. Particular areas of the hippocampus are involved in the consolidation of spatial memories. d. The hippocampus plays little role in memory formation.

c. Particular areas of the hippocampus are involved in the consolidation of spatial memories.

"Cat, food, cola, toothpaste." Your roommate begins reciting items as you get ready to leave to go to the store. He continues to list a few more items. Finally, he wraps up: "Coffee creamer, spaghetti sauce, dish liquid, and iced-tea mix." You forget a couple of things, but you do manage to get the cat food, cola, and toothpaste. Your memory for these items reflects the __________. a. Serial memory b. Item order c. Primacy d. Recency

c. Primacy

In the context of the potential influence of a written language on the recall ability of a culture's members, research has a. Not yielded a definitive conclusion as yet. b. Revealed that a written language tends to decrease people's memory ability. c. Revealed that a written language probably has little influence on people's memory ability. d. Shown that a written language tends to increase people's memory ability.

c. Revealed that a written language probably has little influence on people's memory ability.

_______ memory refers to the initial, momentary storage of information that lasts only an instant. a. Short-term b. Working c. Sensory d. Long-term

c. Sensory

_______ is a process in which memories are influenced by the meaning we give to events a. Long-term potentiation b. Nondeclarative process c. Consolidation d. Constructive process

d. Constructive process

The distinction between long- and short-term memory a. Is supported by the distinction between declarative memory and procedural memory. b. Has failed to gain empirical support in memory research. c. Is somewhat artificial. d. Is supported by the effects of certain kinds of brain damage.

d. Is supported by the effects of certain kinds of brain damage.

The recency effect refers to the fact that a. The first several items on a list are remembered better than the items in the middle of the list b. The most personally relevant items on a list are most likely to be remembered c. Rehearsed items are more likely to be remembered than unrehearsed items d. Items presented late in a list are remembered better than items presented in the middle of a list.

d. Items presented late in a list are remembered better than items presented in the middle of a list.

When you try to list all the classes you've ever taken in college, chances your last few classes particularly well. What is this phenomenon called? a. Chunking b. Primary effect c. Memory consolidation d. Recency effect

d. Recency effect

A typical multipl-choice question on a psychology test is an example of both a __ and an __ test of memory. a. Recognition; implicit b. Recall; implicit c. Recall; explicit d. Recognition; explicit

d. Recognition; explicit

When answering such questions as "Who was your date to the junior prom?" or "Which costume did you wear last Halloween?" you are relying most explicitly on the memory process of a. Potentiation b. Storage c. Encoding d. Retrieval

d. Retrieval

Which of the following is an example of semantic memory? a. Fay has little memory of her 18th birthday celebrations. b. Cooper has fond memories of his first kiss with his girlfriend. c. Megan remembers how to ride a bike even though she has not ridden one in a long time. d. Ryan is aware that "believe" is incorrect spelling of "believe."

d. Ryan is aware that "believe" is incorrect spelling of "believe."

Working professionals are likely to have vocabulary of about 75,000 words. They are likely to know about aspects related to different departments in their organization. They may also be aware of the knowledge required to be an expert in their field of work. In addition, they are likely to have no difficulty remembering their childhood. These professionals are able to remember such details because a. They receive retrieval cues for all these memories on a daily basis b. These memories are catalogs in their working memory. c. This information is stored in their sensory memory. d. The capacity of their long-term memory is vast.

d. The capacity of their long-term memory is vast.

The formation of schemas is based on an individual's a. Capability of testing his or her explicit memory b. Spreading activation c. Working memory capacity d. Understanding of a situation

d. Understanding of a situation