Chapter 7 Energy and Nutrient Relations

in order to digest cellulose or lignin, herbivores may have fungi, protists, or _____ that live in their digestive tracts

bacteria

the insect in the image is not toxic but displays the black and yellow color pattern similar to stinging insects such as a honeybee. this is an example of _____ mimicry

batesian

many warning coloration patterns include yellow and/or orange along with sharply contrasting color such as

black

within the range of PAR, plants absorb mainly ____ wavelengths of light

blue and red

a basic type of defense where prey organisms are difficult to find against the background habitat is called

camouflage

photosynthetic organisms used ___ ___ as a source of carbon. this gas comes from the atmosphere

carbon dioxide

to minimize the effects of photorespiration, plants concentrate the gas called _____ ______

carbon dioxide

C4

carbon dioxide combine with PEP in mesophyll cells; sugars produced in bundle sheath cells

one limitation of CAM photosynthesis is

carbon dioxide typically enters cells only during the night, reducing carbon availability

which of the following are examples of substances that chemosynthetic bacteria may use as an energy source

carbon monoxide ammonium iron sulfur

PEP carboxylase ____.

catalyzes the reaction between carbon dioxide and phosphoenol pyruvate (PEP)

ultraviolet light is highly energetic and can break _____ bonds in the organic molecules that compose living things

covalent

type 3

deer mice that have to learn to seek out sawfly cocoons that are difficult to find at low density, but easier at higher densities

predators, such as the bird in the image, may act as agents of natural selection by increasing the efficacy of prey

defense

organisms that feed on nonliving organic matter, such as decaying plants, are called ____.

detritivores

ATP and NADPH synthesized during photosynthesis serve as donors of electron and ____ to ultimately produce ____

energy; sugar

true or false: CAM plants have lower water use efficiency than C3 or C4 plants

false

true or false: all plant toxins result in killing of the consumer that attempts to eat the plant

false

plants transmits mostly _____ wavelengths of light, leaving the forest floor in a kind of twillight

green

plants in the forest understory

have high photosynthetic rates at low light intensity

herbivores, carnivores, and detritivores are all examples of heterotrophs

heterotrophs

algae in tropical environments have ____ levels of alkaloid toxins than their counterparts in temperate environments. also, algae in tropical environments tend to have ____ levels of attacks by herbivores

higher; higher

the functional response occurs when there is a(n) _____ in food availability for hungry animals, which in turn causes an increase in feeding rate. this rate eventually levels off

increase

because PEP carboxylase has a high affinity for carbon dioxide, C4 plants are able to _____ the concentration gradient between the atmosphere and in the inside of their cells. this allowed them to have ____ stomata open, which conserves water

increase, fewer

optimal foraging theory predicts that natural selection will favor _____ in situations where their access to energy is limited

individuals who are effective at acquiring energy

nicotine ____.

is a toxic plant alkaloid

autotrophs

organisms that use inorganic sources of carbon and energy; name means self-feeders

type 2

otters that have to crack open oyster shells on rocks to feed

photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) is quantified as _____ flux density

photon

which of the following is an example of prey characteristic that may affect predator energy intake?

prey abudance amount of time the predator spends fighting to subdue the prey amount of time the predator spends removing spines from a prey animal before ingesting the meat

C3 photosynthesis

refers to the conversion of RuBP to a 3-carbon acid called PGA

when a predator selects its prey according to the size of the prey, this is called

size-selective predation

which of the following is a type of anatomical defense that prey organisms use?

spines, shells

type 1

sponges that are aquatic filter-feeders

CAM

stomata typically opened just during the night; combine PEP with carbon dioxide

terrestrial plants gather energy from ______ and nutrients from

sunlight; water and soil

the rate at which organisms take in energy is limited by the _____ of prey and the rate at which the ingested material is processed

supply

which of the following is not true when comparing tropical plant toxins to temperate plant toxins?

temperate plant species contain more alkaloid toxins than tropical plant species

carbon fixation refers to

the process where carbon dioxide is incorporated into an organic acid

which of the following are true concerning the importance of C4 plants?

they are associated with the evolution of grazing animals and their predators they contribute approximately 20% global terrestrial primary production

herbivores _____

typically ingest food with lower carbon; nutrient ratio than they require for growth and metabolism

chemosynthetic autotrophs

use carbon dioxide and inorganic chemicals to synthesize organic molecules

photosynthesizers

use carbon dioxide and sunlight to synthesize organic compounds

heterotrophs

use organic molecules as source of carbon and energy; name means other-feeders

C3

used by most plants and algae; fixation of carbon dioxide results in the production of PGA

what type of solar radiation is photosynthetically active?

visible light

in the CAM pathway for photosynthesis, carbon fixation occurs mainly during the _____

night

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, ______ and ______ make up to 93-97% of the biomass of plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria

nitrogen, phosphorus

in plants doing C4 photosynthesis, the four-carbon acids initially produce diffuse into ____ ____ cells where they can be converted to three-carbon acids and carbon dioxide

Bunde sheath

which of the following is not true concerning C4 photosynthesis

PEP carboxylase fixes carbon dioxide into a 4 carbon acid in the bundle sheath cells

which of the following is more likely to be a warning coloration pattern?

alternating black, yellow, and red stripes on a coral snake

nitrifying bacteria oxidize ____ to _____ then to _____, which is important in the nitrogen cycle for the biosphere

ammonium; nitrite; nitrate

which of the following domains include prokaryotic organisms?

archaea bacteria

CAM photosynthesis ____.

is found in plants in arid and semiarid environments is found among epiphytes in the canopies of forests

Is at shown in this curve

is the photon flux density when the photosynthetic system is saturated

which of the following is not true concerning the effects of infrared light on living things?

it decreases the motion of whole molecules that comprise living things

which of the following are true of visible light?

it has sufficient energy to power photosynthesis it makes up about 42% of the total energy of solar radiation at sea level

_____ wavelengths of light, such as infrared light, carry ____ energy than shorter wavelengths of light, such as UV light

longer, less

chemosynthetic bacteria in the ocean ____.

may be free-living and use sulfur as their energy source use carbon dioxide as their carbon source for sugar production may be found associated in symbiotic relationships with other animals such as worms

the oceanic environment that supports chemosynthetic autotrophs ________.

may contain sulfur, hydrogen sulfide, or thiosulfate which act as energy sources for organisms

net photosynthesis is calculated as the total carbon dioxide uptake during photosynthesis ____ the carbon dioxide produced by plant repiration

minus

the bee in this image exhibits a distinctive warning coloration pattern of black alternating with yellow. this pattern can also be seen in other toxic insects such as wasps and other bees species. this type of co-mimicry is called _____ mimicry

mullerian