Chapter 7 Post-test

In which area of the brain is the cardiac center​ located? A. Brainstem B. Cerebellum C. Cerebrum D. Pons

A. Brainstem The brainstem contains the​ mesencephalon, the​ pons, and the medulla oblongata. The medulla oblongata consists of the respiratory​ center, the cardiac​ center, and the vasomotor center. The outermost portion of the​ brain, the​ cerebrum, occupies nearly all the cranial cavity. It controls specific body​ functions, such as​ sensation, thought, and associative memory. It also initiates and manages motions that are under the conscious control of the individual. The cerebellum is located in the posterior and inferior aspect of the cranium. It coordinates muscle activity and maintains balance through impulses from the eyes and the ears. Though it cannot initiate a muscle​ contraction, it can hold muscles in a state of partial contraction

If a patient is having a heart​ attack, what additional finding should the EMT be certain to assess​ for? A. Changes to the blood pressure B. Changes to the pupils C. Alterations in the blood glucose level D. Abnormal neurological changes

A. Changes to the blood pressure When the EMT understands how the body​ works, should one of the organs in one system start to​ fail, the EMT can anticipate what else might happen. For​ example, if the heart​ fails, knowing that the heart contributes to blood pressure would mean that the EMT should anticipate changes to the​ patient's blood pressure.

To minimize friction when the heart​ contracts, what structure secretes fluid​ lubricant? A. Pericardial sac B. Ventricles C. Tricuspid valves D. Atrium

A. Pericardial sac The pericardium is a​ double-walled sac that encloses the​ heart, gives​ support, and prevents friction as the heart moves within this protective sac. The surfaces of the pericardial sac produce a small amount of fluid lubrication that is needed to facilitate the normal movements of the heart. The atria receive blood from the​ veins, the ventricles pump blood out to the​ arteries, and the tricuspid valve is located between the right atrium and the right ventricle.

What is the name of the process that results in the movement of gases​ (oxygen and carbon​ dioxide) across cellular membranes in the lungs and in the peripheral​ tissues? A. Respiration B. Perfusion C. Oxygenation D. Ventilation

A. Respiration Respiration refers to the process of moving oxygen and carbon dioxide across membranes and into and out of the​ alveoli, capillaries, and cells.​ Thus, respiration deals with the actual gas exchange process. Oxygenation is the form of respiration in which oxygen molecules move across a membrane from an area of high oxygen concentration to an area of low oxygen concentration. Cells are oxygenated when the oxygen moves out of the blood in the vessel and into the​ cell, where it is used in metabolism. Ventilation is the mechanical process by which air is moved into and out of the lungs. Ventilation is primarily based on changes in pressure inside the chest that cause air to flow into or out of the lungs. Perfusion is the delivery of​ blood, oxygen, and metabolic substrates to and from the tissues and cells of the body.

The pulmonary system has the capability to store oxygen for how​ long? A. Several minutes B. Several seconds C. Several days D. Several hours

A. Several minutes The body can store food for weeks and water for​ days, but it can store enough oxygen to last only a few minutes. Simple inhalation normally provides the body with the oxygen it needs.​ However, if the oxygen supply is cut​ off, as in a drowning or choking​ patient, brain cells will ordinarily begin to die in about five minutes.

During your secondary survey of a patient who is​ unresponsive, you obtain a blood glucose level​ (BGL) and find a value of 658​ mg/dL. To what part of the endocrine system would this disturbance best pertain​ to? A. The Islets of Langerhans B. Thyroid C. Parathyroid D. Hypothyroid

A. The Islets of Langerhans The Islets of​ Langerhans, which are in the​ pancreas, make​ insulin, which allows glucose to enter​ cells, and also produce​ glucagon, a hormone that raises the glucose level in the blood. If the pancreas ceases the production of insulin​ (as in Type II​ diabetes), then the blood sugar level can raise to dangerously high levels. The thyroid gland regulates​ metabolism, growth, and development. The parathyroid glands produce a hormone that is necessary for the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus in the bones. The hypothyroid does not exist.

The basic function of the pulmonary​ system, known as​ "ventilation," refers to​ what? A. The movement of air in and out of the lungs. B. The exchange of gases across cellular and alveolar membranes. C. The monitoring of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the bloodstream. D. The rate at which the patient is breathing.

A. The movement of air in and out of the lungs. Ventilation is the mechanical process by which air is moved into and out of the lungs. Ventilation is primarily based on changes in pressure inside the chest that cause air to flow into or out of the lungs. The exchange of gases across a cellular membrane is​ respiration, the rate of breathing is known as the respiratory rate. Chemoreceptors monitor the levels of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the body.

What is one of the purposes for the way in which the individual vertebrae are shaped and arranged in the​ body? A. To protect the spinal cord B. To produce red blood cells C. To allow the back to extend farther than it can flex D. To allow 360 degrees of twisting motion

A. To protect the spinal cord The spinal column is made up of irregularly shaped blocks of bone called vertebrae and has a great deal of mobility. Lying one on top of the other to form a​ column, the vertebrae are bound firmly together by strong ligaments. If any vertebrae are crushed or​ displaced, the spinal cord​ (which is housed and protected inside the spinal​ column) may be​ squeezed, stretched,​ torn, or severed. Red blood cells are created in the long bones of the​ body, and the vertebrae do not allow for a full 360 degrees of motion​ twist, nor do they allow the back to extend more than it can flex​ (the back can flex more than it can​ extend).

When a patient is lying on his back with his feet elevated higher than his​ head, this is referred to as what​ position? A. Trendelenburg B. Recumbent C. Semi-Fowler's D. Fowler's

A. Trendelenburg When in the Trendelenburg​ position, the patient is supine with the feet elevated and the head lowered​ (on an​ incline). This was once recommended as a position in which to place the patient who is in​ shock, but its use has been discouraged in more recent years.​ Fowler's and​ semi-Fowler's are both sitting positions in which the head is elevated.

The structure of the body and the relationship of its parts to each other is​ called: A. anatomy. B. anatomical position. C. biology. D. physiology.

A. anatomy. Basic knowledge of the human body includes the study of anatomy and physiology. The word​ "anatomy" refers to the structure of the body and the relationship of its parts to each other​ (how the body is​ made). The word​ "physiology" refers to the function of the living body and its parts​ (how the body​ works). Biology is the study of living things. Anatomical position refers to the bodily position of the patient at any point in​ time; it is also a term that is used to reference a certain location on the body.

The ribs move downward and​ inward, and the diaphragm rises​ during: A.exhalation. B.inhalation. C. inspiration. D. agonal gasps.

A. exhalation. During​ exhalation, the diaphragm and intercostal muscles​ relax, decreasing the size of the thoracic cavity. The diaphragm moves​ upward; the ribs move downward and​ inward, creating a positive pressure within the thorax and causing air to flow out of the lungs. During​ inspiration, the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles​ contract, increasing the size of the thoracic cavity. This creates a negative pressure in the​ chest, which causes air to flow into the lungs.

he organ of the digestive system responsible for production of bile that helps to digest fat is​ the: A. liver. B. gallbladder. C. spleen. D. small intestine.

A. liver. The liver lies immediately beneath the diaphragm in the right upper quadrant of the abdominal cavity. The liver produces​ bile, which aids in the digestion of fat. The spleen helps in the filtration of blood​ and, because it contains a dense network of blood​ vessels, serves as a reservoir of blood that the body can use in an​ emergency, such as hemorrhage. The gallbladder acts as a reservoir for bile. The small intestine is made up of the​ duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. It receives food from the stomach and secretions from the pancreas and liver. Digestion of food continues in the small​ intestine, where food is completely broken down into a form that can be used by the body. Nutrients are absorbed through the walls of the small intestine and circulated through the bloodstream to all parts of the body.

The part of the ulna that forms the bony prominence of the elbow is called​ the: A. olecranon. B.radius. C. acromion. D. carpal.

A. olecranon. The olecranon forms the bony prominence of the elbow.

The organ of the digestive system responsible for production of juices that aid in the digestion of​ fats, starches, and proteins is​ the: A. pancreas. B. spleen. C. gallbladder. D. stomach.

A. pancreas. The pancreas is a​ flat, solid organ that lies just inferior and posterior to the stomach. It secretes pancreatic juices that aid in the digestion of​ fats, starches, and proteins. The spleen helps in the filtration of blood​ and, because it contains a dense network of blood​ vessels, serves as a reservoir of blood that the body can use in an​ emergency, such as hemorrhage. The gallbladder acts as a reservoir for bile. When food enters the small​ intestine, contractions are stimulated that empty the gallbladder into the small​ intestine, where the bile aids in the digestion of fats. The stomach is the main organ of the digestive system.

One of the MOST important functions of the skin​ is: A. protecting the body from the environment. B. producing vitamin A for the body. C. allowing the body to shed excess heat to the environment. D. serving as a site for melanin production.

A. protecting the body from the environment. The skin has the following​ functions: helping to protect the body from the​ environment, bacteria, and other foreign​ organisms; regulating the temperature of the​ body; serving as a receptor for​ heat, cold,​ touch, pain, and​ pressure; and aiding in the regulation of water and electrolytes​ (sodium and​ chloride). The skin cannot necessarily prevent every pathogen from entering the body. Although the skin has multiple​ functions, the most important function that it must fulfill at all times is protection of the internal body from the external​ environment, bacteria, and other foreign organisms.

Sperm formed in the testes travel from the epididymis to the urethra by a hollow tube called​ the: A. vas deferens. B. prostate. C. bulbourethral gland. D. seminal vesicle.

A. vas deferens. The vas deferens is a tube that passes from the scrotum into the abdominopelvic cavity and into the seminal​ vesicles, which then become the ejaculatory​ duct, which opens into the urethra. The​ prostate, bulbourethral​ gland, and seminal vesicles all secrete fluid for semen.

Kidneys play an important role​ in: A. urine storage. B. blood pressure control. C. the digestion of fats. D. removal of carbohydrates from the blood.

B. blood pressure control. The urinary system or renal system filters and excretes wastes from the blood. It consists of two​ kidneys, which filter waste from the bloodstream and help control fluid​ balance; two​ ureters, which carry the wastes from the kidneys to the​ bladder; one urinary​ bladder, which stores the urine prior to​ excretion; and one​ urethra, which carries the urine from the bladder out of the body. The kidneys also play an important role in blood pressure regulation through the retention or elimination of fluid​ and/or electrolytes.

If the hormone norepinephrine was made into a drug that the EMT could administer to a​ patient, what kind a patient would MOST likely benefit from​ it? A. A hypoglycemic patient B. A hypotensive patient C. A psychologically disturbed patient D. A tachycardic patient

B. A hypotensive patient Norepinephrine causes primarily alpha effects plus trace amounts of beta1 and beta2 activity. This means that it will constrict smooth​ muscles, like the ones that wrap the blood​ vessels, and therefore would cause​ vasoconstriction, which can translate into higher blood pressure. Norepinephrine is used in emergency medicine for certain types of hypotension. It is not helpful in the hypoglycemic or disturbed​ patient, nor is it useful in the tachycardic patient unless the patient is benefiting from the alpha1 effects.

The EMT arrives upon the scene and finds a person with a brain injury unresponsive and without a pulse or heart rate. Which portion of the nervous system is most likely​ affected? A. Cerebrum B. Brainstem C. Cerebellum D. Spinal cord

B. Brainstem. The brainstem contains the​ mesencephalon, the​ pons, and the medulla oblongata. The medulla oblongata consists of three major control​ centers: the respiratory​ center, the cardiac​ center, and the vasomotor center. The cerebrum controls​ sensation, thought,​ speech, and associative memory. The cerebellum affects muscle movement. The spinal cord relays messages from the brain to the peripheral areas of the body.

What region of the brain is considered the center of consciousness and higher​ thought? A. Cerebellum B. Cerebrum C. Medulla oblongata D. Midbrain

B. Cerebrum The outermost portion of the​ brain, the​ cerebrum, occupies nearly all the cranial cavity. It controls specific body​ functions, such as​ sensation, thought, and associative memory and is the center of consciousness and higher thought. It also initiates and manages motions that are under the conscious control of the individual. The cerebellum is located in the posterior and inferior aspect of the cranium. It coordinates muscle activity and maintains balance through impulses from the eyes and the ears. Though it cannot initiate a muscle​ contraction, it can hold muscles in a state of partial contraction. The brainstem contains the​ mesencephalon, the​ pons, and the medulla oblongata. The medulla oblongata consists of the respiratory​ center, the cardiac​ center, and the vasomotor center.

What term is used by the EMT when referring to the actual functioning and interrelatedness of the​ body's systems? A. Anatomical position B. Physiology C. Anatomy D. Biology

B. Physiology Basic knowledge of the human body includes the study of anatomy and physiology. The word​ "anatomy" refers to the structure of the body and the relationship of its parts to each other​ (how the body is​ made). The word​ "physiology" refers to the function of the living body and its parts​ (how the body​ works). Biology is the study of living things. The anatomical position is the bodily position of the patient at any point in​ time; it is also a term that is used to reference a certain location on the body.

What gland of the body helps to regulate circadian​ rhythms? A. Pituitary B. Pineal C. Adrenal D. Thyroid

B. Pineal The pineal gland regulates the circadian rhythm. The thyroid gland regulates​ metabolism, growth, and development. The adrenal glands secrete epinephrine​ (adrenaline) and norepinephrine. The pituitary​ gland, which is at the base of the​ brain, is considered to be the master gland. It regulates​ growth, the thyroid and parathyroid​ glands, the​ pancreas, the​ gonads, metabolism of fatty acids and some basic​ proteins, blood sugar​ reactions, and urinary excretion.

If an EMT wanted to state what position the body was in when he​ arrived, given that the patient was found lying on his​ back, face​ up, he would use what term when communicating with other health care​ professionals? A. Trendelenburg B. Supine C. Prone D. Lateral

B. Supine When a patient is​ supine, he is lying​ face-up on his​ back; when he is​ prone, he is lying​ face-down. When a patient is in the Trendelenburg​ position, he is lying on his back with the legs elevated higher than the head and body on an inclined plane. If a patient is lateral​ recumbent, he is lying on her right or left side.

What occurs during normal and unlabored​ exhalation? A. The intercostals and the diaphragm contract. B. The intercostals and the diaphragm relax. C. The intercostals contract and the diaphragm relaxes. D. The intercostals relax and the diaphragm contracts.

B. The intercostals and the diaphragm relax. During​ exhalation, the diaphragm and intercostal muscles​ relax, decreasing the size of the thoracic cavity. The diaphragm moves​ upward; the ribs move downward and​ inward, creating a positive pressure within the thorax and causing air to flow out of the lungs.

When the left ventricle​ contracts, it sends a wave of blood through the arteries. This wave of blood is called​ a(n): A. arterial ejection. B. pulse. C. arteriole ejection. D. diastolic wave.

B. pulse. When the left ventricle​ contracts, sending a wave of blood through the​ arteries, the​ pulse, or wave of propelled​ blood, can be felt at various points called pulse points.

Which two components of the nervous system must be intact to allow the patient to be conscious and fully​ oriented? A. The thalamus and medulla B. Both cerebral hemispheres and the pons C. Both cerebral hemispheres and the reticular activating system D. The thalamus and the reticular activating system

C. Both cerebral hemispheres and the reticular activating system Two components of the nervous system that control consciousness are the cerebral hemispheres and the reticular activating system​ (RAS). The cerebral hemispheres are the large right and left sides of the cerebrum of the brain. The RAS is not an actual structure but a group of nerves found in the brainstem. If the RAS and both hemispheres are intact and​ functioning, the patient will be awake and fully oriented. The pons acts as a bridge that connects the three divisions of the​ brain, and the thalamus is involved in many​ functions, including relaying motor and sensory signals and regulation of alertness.

If a patient told an EMT that one of his doctors is a specialist in treating problems with the​ skin, the EMT would know that the patient is referring to what type of​ doctor? A. Hematologist B. Cytologist C. Dermatologist D. Gerontologist

C. Dermatologist "Derma-" or​ "dermato-" is the combining form that means​ "pertaining to the​ skin" "-ology", means​ "the study​ of", and​ "-ist" is a​ "person who specializes​ in." Thus a dermatologist is someone that specializes in treating conditions of the skin.

Which type of muscle is generally attached at one or both ends to a bone by​ tendons? A. Involuntary B. Smooth C. Skeletal D. Cardiac

C. Skeletal Skeletal muscle is generally attached at one or both ends to bone by tendons. In a few​ places, skeletal muscle is attached to​ skin, cartilage, organs​ (such as the​ eyeball), or other muscles​ (such as the​ tongue). Cardiac muscle is found in the heart and is not attached to any bone or tendon. Involuntary​ muscle, also known as smooth​ muscle, is typically attached to other smooth muscle or tissues of the organs that contain the muscle.

What two electrolytes are shed through the skin during the regulation of water and electrolytes for thermoregulation in the​ body? A. Magnesium and sodium B. Chloride and potassium C. Sodium and chloride D. Potassium and sodium

C. Sodium and chloride One of the functions of the skin is to aid in the regulation of water and electrolytes during the management of temperature. The electrolytes that are regulated by the skin include sodium and chloride. Potassium and magnesium are not regulated by the skin.

When​ stimulated, the alpha receptors of the sympathetic nervous system result in which of the following​ effects? A. Increased heart rate B. Relaxation of the bronchioles C. Vasoconstriction D. Decreased blood pressure

C. Vasoconstriction Alpha receptor stimulation cause the vessels to constrict. The vessels in the skin are significantly affected by alpha1. When the vessels in the skin​ constrict, the blood is shunted to the core of the body. The warm red blood is no longer located in great quantities in the skin. This causes the skin to become cool and pale. Alpha stimulation also causes the sweat glands to release sweat. This causes the skin to become moist or clammy. Beta1 effects all relate to the heart. They increase the heart​ rate, increase the force of cardiac​ contraction, and speed up the electrical impulse traveling down the​ heart's conduction system. Beta2 effects cause smooth muscle to​ dilate, especially in the bronchioles and in some vessels.

The imaginary horizontal and vertical lines going through the navel create​ the: A. inferior segments. B. thoracic regions. C. abdominal quadrants. D. superior segments.

C. abdominal quadrants. When the lower body is divided at the navel by imaginary horizontal and vertical​ lines, this creates the four abdominal quadrants. These quadrants are known as the upper right and left quadrants and the lower right and left abdominal quadrants.

The distal end of the​ penis, which contains the urethral​ opening, is called​ the: A. epididymis. B. vas deferens. C. glans. D. bulbourethral gland.

C. glans. The glans penis is the distal end of the​ penis, which contains the urethral​ meatus, the opening of the urethra. The vas deferens transports semen to the​ urethra, the epididymis stores​ sperm, and the bulbourethral gland secretes fluid for semen.

The amount of air a patient breathes in and out with one regular breath is​ the: A. minute volume. B. dead space. C. tidal volume. D. alveolar volume.

C. tidal volume. Tidal volume is the amount of air the patient breathes in and out with one regular breath. The respiratory rate is the number of breaths a patient takes in one minute. Adequate breathing is characterized by an adequate respiratory rate and tidal volume.

The structure through which urine passes to be eliminated from the body is​ the: A. ureter. B. calyx. C. urethra. D. loop of Henle.

C. urethra. Kidneys filter waste from the bloodstream and help to control fluid​ balance; two ureters carry the wastes from the kidneys to the​ bladder; the urinary bladder stores the urine before​ excretion; and the urethra carries the urine from the bladder out of the body. The loop of Henle is located within the kidney.

The mechanical process of moving air in and out of the lungs is​ called: A. respiration. B. oxygenation. C. ventilation. D. perfusion.

C. ventilation. Ventilation is the mechanical process by which air is moved into and out of the lungs. Ventilation is primarily based on changes in pressure inside the chest that cause air to flow into or out of the lungs. Perfusion is the delivery of​ blood, oxygen, and metabolic substrates to and from the tissues and cells of the body. Respiration refers to the process of moving oxygen and carbon dioxide across​ membranes, into and out of the​ alveoli, capillaries, and cells.​ Thus, respiration deals with the actual gas exchange process. Oxygenation is the form of respiration in which oxygen molecules move across a membrane from an area of high oxygen concentration to an area of low oxygen concentration. Cells are oxygenated when the oxygen moves out of the blood in the vessel and into the​ cell, where it is used in metabolism.

Identify both the type of muscle and the property of that muscle that has the ability to initiate its own impulse. A. Smooth: pre-excitation B. ​Skeletal: automaticity C. ​Cardiac: automaticity D. Voluntary: excitation

C. ​Cardiac: automaticity Found only in the walls of the​ heart, cardiac muscle is a special kind of involuntary muscle that is particularly suited for the work of the heart. Although it is smooth like smooth​ muscle, it is also striated​ (stringlike) like skeletal muscle.​ Thus, cardiac muscle is made up of a cellular meshwork that is unlike either smooth or skeletal​ muscle, but it has properties of both. It also has the property of​ automaticity, meaning that it can initiate its own​ impulse, even when disconnected from the central nervous system. Voluntary​ (skeletal) and involuntary​ (smooth) muscle must rely on an impulse from a neural structure to contract. The other answers are all fictitious.

Of the​ following, which would be considered a function of the skeletal​ system? A. Carrying sensory information to and from the brain B. Filtering and excreting wastes C. Protecting the body from foreign organisms D. Allowing for movement

D. Allowing for movement The skeletal system serves four​ functions, including giving the body its shape and protecting the vital internal organs that are surrounded by the bony structures​ (brain, spinal​ cord, heart,​ lungs, etc.). The skeletal system also allows for movement given the location and structure of​ joints, and bones store minerals and participate in producing blood cells. Protecting the body from foreign organisms is a role of the integumentary system. Filtering and excreting wastes is the function of the renal​ system, and carrying sensory information is a role of the nervous system.

Which combination of joint and location allows for the widest range of​ motion? A. Condyloid joint in the wrist B. Saddle joint in the ankle C. Gliding joint in the hand D. Ball-and-socket joint in the shoulder

D. Ball-and-socket joint in the shoulder. A​ ball-and-socket joint allows for the widest range of​ motion, as it permits​ flexion, extension,​ abduction, adduction, and rotation. Gliding joints provide the simplest movement between bones in which one bone slides across another to the point where surrounding structures restrict the​ motion, such as those in the hands and feet. Saddle joints are shaped to permit combinations of limited movements along perpendicular planes. For​ example, the ankle allows the foot to turn inward slightly as it moves up and down. The condyloid joint is a modified​ ball-and-socket joint that permits limited motion in two directions. In the​ wrist, for​ example, it allows the hand to move up and down and from side to side but not to rotate completely.

Which of the following skeletal structures surrounds and protects an important neurological​ structure? A. Nasal cavity B. Thoracic rib cage C. Femur D. Cranium

D. Cranium The cranium forms the​ top, back, and sides of the skull plus the forehead. The interlocking bones of the cranium—the ​occipital, two​ parietals, and two temporal bones and the frontal bone—are typical flat bones. The outer layer of the cranium is thick and tough. The cranium protects the brain that is housed within it. The thoracic rib cage protects the heart and lungs. The femur is the longest straight bone of the body. The nasal cavity is an air passage from the nose to the throat and houses the receptors for the sense of smell.

Which of the following​ hormones, if it was created into a​ medication, could result in an increase of the heart rate if it was​ administered? A. Insulin B. Norepinephrine C. Antidiuretic hormone D. Epinephrine

D. Epinephrine The hormone epinephrine has all four properties​ (alpha1, alpha2,​ beta1, and​ beta2), so when it is secreted by the adrenal gland or if it is administered to a​ patient, you would expect all of the actions just listed to occur and to see the signs related to these actions. Epinephrine is used to treat patients with severe allergic reactions to combat the problems found in the​ condition, primarily vasodilation and bronchoconstriction.​ Norepinephrine, antidiuretic​ hormone, and insulin do not markedly increase the heart rate.

A patient would see a cardiologist for a problem with what​ organ? A. Brain B. Stomach C. Bones D. Heart

D. Heart From the combining form​ cardi-, which means​ "heart," and the suffix​ -ology, meaning​ "the study​ of," a cardiologist is a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the heart.

If a patient is unconscious without any injury to the neck or spine but you suspect there is fluid to drain from his​ mouth, it is BEST to place him in which​ position? A. Prone B. Trendelenburg C. Supine D. Recovery

D. Recovery When in the recovery​ position, the patient is lying on her side with knees flexed. This position is often used for the patient who has an altered mental status and may vomit. When in the prone​ position, the patient is lying face down on her​ stomach, which makes it difficult if not impossible to monitor the airway. When in the supine​ position, the patient is lying flat on her​ back, face up. When in the Trendelenburg​ position, the patient is supine with the feet elevated and the head lowered​ (on an​ incline).

You arrive on scene for a patient who is unresponsive from a known drug overdose. Which of the following statements BEST represents the mechanism leading to​ unresponsiveness? A. Unresponsiveness is probably due to hypocapnia. B. Unresponsiveness is probably due to failure of the cerebellum and drug overdose. C. Unresponsiveness is probably due to hyperoxia. D. Unresponsiveness is probably due to both cerebral hemispheres not functioning properly.

D. Unresponsiveness is probably due to both cerebral hemispheres not functioning properly. Unresponsiveness is probably due to both cerebral hemispheres not functioning. If either the RAS or both cerebral hemispheres are damaged or not functioning​ properly, the patient will no longer be in an awake​ state, or conscious. In the case of a drug​ overdose, the toxin usually impairs both​ hemispheres, which renders the patient unresponsive.

What division of the nervous system influences all activity of skeletal muscles and​ movements? A. Autonomic B. Central C. Involuntary D. Voluntary

D. Voluntary The functional divisions of the nervous system are the voluntary nervous system​ (also known as somatic nervous​ system) and the autonomic nervous system. The voluntary nervous system influences the activity of skeletal​ (voluntary) muscles and movements. The autonomic nervous​ system, as its name​ implies, is automatic. It influences the activities of smooth​ (involuntary) muscles and glands. The central nervous system is composed of the brain and spinal cord.

The EMT is caring for a patient who sustained a workplace injury and assesses the​ patient's ability to move his arms and legs. Which body system controls this​ movement? A. Endocrine system B. Peripheral vascular system C. Integumentary system D. Voluntary nervous system

D. Voluntary nervous system The voluntary nervous system influences the activity of skeletal​ (voluntary) muscles and movements. The endocrine system controls the glands of the body. The integumentary system is the skin that protects the body from pathogens. The peripheral vascular system provides blood to the extremities.

The​ four-chambered muscular organ that lies within the thoracic cavity is called​ the: A. lung. B. kidney. C. liver. D. heart.

D. heart. The​ heart, a highly efficient​ pump, is a chambered muscular organ that lies within the chest in the thoracic cavity between the two lungs. In size and​ shape, it resembles a closed fist. About​ two-thirds of its mass is located to the left of the midline of the body. Its lower​ point, the​ apex, lies just above the diaphragm. The lungs are not muscular​ organs, and the liver and kidney are located outside the thoracic cavity.

Inspiration occurs when​ the: A. diaphragm rises and the ribs move upward and outward. Your answer is not correct. B. intercostal muscles and the diaphragm relax. C. diaphragm rises and the ribs move downward and inward. D. intercostal muscles and the diaphragm contract.

D. intercostal muscles and the diaphragm contract. During​ inspiration, the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles​ contract, increasing the size of the thoracic cavity. The diaphragm moves slightly​ downward, flaring the lower portion of the rib​ cage, which moves upward and outward. This creates a negative pressure in the​ chest, which causes air to flow into the lungs. During​ exhalation, the diaphragm and intercostal muscles​ relax, decreasing the size of the thoracic cavity. The diaphragm moves​ upward; the ribs move downward and​ inward, creating a positive pressure within the thorax and causing air to flow out of the lungs.

If an EMT was describing the location of a gunshot wound to the ED nurse and wanted to illustrate that the wound was toward the side of the​ chest, rather than the center of the​ chest, the EMT would use the​ term: A. posterior. B. ventral. C. medial. D. lateral.

D. lateral. "Medial" means toward the midline or center of the body.​ "Lateral" refers to the left or right of the​ midline, or away from the midline of the body and toward the sides.​ "Ventral" means toward the​ front, and posterior is toward the back.

The only movable part of the skull is​ the: A. nasal bone. B. maxillae. C. zygoma. D. mandible.

D. mandible. The mandible is the only movable bone in the skull. It is a hinge joint and allows the mouth to open and close. The other joints in the skull are known as fused joints because they are composed of the cranial bones at birth that eventually fuse together. The nasal​ bone, maxillae, and eye orbits are rigid structures of the face that are attached and immovable from the cranium. The​ zygoma, or​ cheekbone, is part of this fused structure.

The medical term that is used to refer to the palm of the hand​ is: A. palomar. B. plantar. C. distal. D. palmar.

D. palmar. The medical term that refers to the palm of the hand is​ "palmar." "Plantar" refers to the sole of the feet.​ "Distal" is a point farther away from a reference​ location, and​ "superior" is a position above another. Palomar is not a term that is used to reference the palm of the hand.

During a CE​ class, the instructor is speaking about the normal interrelatedness of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems and how they affect the heart rate. The instructor is discussing an aspect of the​ body's: A. anatomy. B. pharmacology. C. pathophysiology. D. physiology.

D. physiology. Basic knowledge of the human body includes the study of anatomy and physiology. The word​ "anatomy" refers to the structure of the body and the relationship of its parts to each other​ (how the body is​ made). The word​ "physiology" refers to the function of the living body and its parts​ (how the body​ works), similar to how this instructor is discussing the ways in which two different body systems interact with each other. Pathophysiology is the study of disease states in the body. Pharmacology is the study of the effects of drugs in the body.

The fluid component of the blood is​ called: A. sugar. B. platelets. C. clotting factors. D. plasma.

D. plasma. Blood is composed of red blood​ cells, white blood​ cells, platelets, and plasma. Plasma is the liquid part of the​ blood, which carries blood cells and transports nutrients to all tissues. The plasma also transports waste products to organs where they can be excreted from the body. A minute amount of oxygen is dissolved in plasma and transported throughout the body. A larger amount of carbon dioxide is carried by the plasma to the lungs for elimination.

The increased pliability of an​ infant's ribs and cartilage force the infant​ to: A. rely more on breathing through his mouth rather than through his nose. B. brace himself when rolling over. C. rely more on intercostal muscles for respiration. D. rely more on the diaphragm for breathing.

D. rely more on the diaphragm for breathing. Because the chest wall is softer and the intercostal muscles are​ immature, infants and children rely more heavily on the diaphragm for breathing. Excessive movement of the diaphragm is a sign of respiratory distress in an infant or​ child, evidenced by increased movement of the abdominal wall.

Anatomic differences between pediatric and adult airways require​ that: A. treatment for respiratory problems be conducted the same without regard to age. B. you notify medical direction before treating an infant for respiratory problems. C. only pediatric specialists treat children. D. specific considerations are taken when treating the infant for respiratory issues.

D. specific considerations are taken when treating the infant for respiratory issues. Always pay close attention to anatomical differences when treating pediatric patients with respiratory issues. The tongue of an infant or child takes up proportionally more space in the pharynx and can block the pharynx more easily. Infants and children also have narrower tracheas that may be obstructed more easily by swelling or foreign bodies. The trachea is also softer and more flexible than that of an adult.​ Therefore, hyperextension or flexion of the head can occlude the trachea. Because the head of an infant or young child is quite large in relation to the​ body, you should place a folded towel or similar item about one inch thick under the shoulders to keep the trachea aligned and open. Because the chest wall is​ softer, infants and children rely more heavily on the diaphragm for breathing. Excessive movement of the diaphragm is a sign of respiratory distress in an infant or​ child, evidenced by increased movement of the abdominal wall.