Chapter 7 smart book questions

NAD is reduced to ____ in glycolysis and the krebs cycle

NADH

enzymes that consist of protein alone are termed _____, whereas those that contain protein and other compounds are termed _____

simple enzymes; conjugated enzymes

what name is given to the compound upon which an enzyme will act?

substrate

what is NOT a function of coenzymes?

supplying energy for the reaction

most enzymes are named to reflect what?

the action of the enzyme

the primary generator of ATP is

the electron transport chain

regulated enzymes are induced according to the concentration of what

the substrate

ATP has ___ phosphate groups

three

Oxidoreductases

transfer of electrons

true or false: cofactors participate directly in chemical reactions with the enzyme-substrate complex

true

true or false: for binary fission to occur, a cell must use both catabolism and anabolism

true

true or false: protein components can become kreb cycle intermediates?

true

_______-CoA feeds directly into the krebs cycle

acetyl

the acetyl groups of fatty acids can be converted to _____ to enter the krebs cycle

acetyl CoA

the most common products of fermentation include

acid, alcohol, and carbon dioxide

the word "induction" when used to describe "enzyme induction" refers to

activating the gene responsible for a particular enzyme

the region on an enzyme that binds substrate is called the ____ site

active

which feature of an enzyme is the "most" unique?

active site

lyases

add/remove atoms to/from a double bond

superoxide ion and hydrogen peroxide are toxic byproducts of

aerobic respiration

the greatest amount of ATP is produced by

aerobic respiration

an example of a(n) _______ pathway is the use of acetyl CoA from glycolysis to build fatty acids

amphibolic

The specific process of _____ results in the synthesis of cell molecules and structures

anabolism

the cellular process of taking small molecules and producing larger macromolecules, as when amino acids are combined to make proteins is called

anabolism

what is the opposite of catabolism?

anabolism

E. coli has a positive nitrate test. This would indicate that this organism can carry out ____ respiration

anaerobic

what can synthesize all the macromolecules from CO2 and minerals?

autotrophs

fats are degraded to acetyl groups via ____ ______ reaction

beta oxidation

what method of cell division do prokaryotic cells perform?

binary fission

For an apoenzyme to become a functional holoenzyme, it must:

bind to a cofactor

"Anabolism" is also termed what?

biosynthesis

the term "metabolism" includes which type(s) of cellular reactions?

both anabolic and catabolic

ATP can be utilized for:

both catabolic and anabolic pathways

complex polysaccharides can be used as a source of carbon and energy by

breaking them down into their component sugars

what describes the function of a coenzyme?

carrying a chemical group from one substrate to another

what is the degradation of complex compounds during cellular metabolism?

catabolism

isomerases

change the form of a substrate

Labile means what?

chemically unstable

an organism will get its energy from fermentation when

oxygen is absent from its environment and it does not have an electron transport chain

what enzymes are lacking in strict anaerobes?

peroxidase and catalase

what are roles of ATP

prepares molecules for catabolism such as phosphorylation of glucose and powers biosynthesis by activating molecules

what is not an advantage of fermentation to microbial survival and growth?

promotes growth in oxygen-rich areas of the host

the general name for an enzyme that breaks down proteins to amino acids is

protease

changes in the environment influence production of the _____ enzymes

regulated

the inhibition of enzyme synthesis by the end product of a catabolic pathway occurs in enzyme

repression

Hydrolases

use water to break bonds

what is the "fate" of NADH and FADH2?

used in electron transport

a substance that is critical to nutrition and metabolic function because it is used to derive coenzymes is a

vitamin

In aerobic respiration, the oxygen molecule that accepts electrons and hydrogen is converted to

water

the oxygen molecule that accepts electrons and hydrogen in aerobic respiration is converted to

water

enzymes bond _____ with their substrate

weakly

E. coli produces enzymes to break down the sugar lactose

when lactose is the principal carbon source in its growth medium

______ phosphorylation is the coupling of ATP synthesis to electron transport

oxidative

the building blocks for anabolism come from:

-Outside the cell -Synthesis within the cell

what suffix denotes an enzyme?

-ase

How many ATP molecules are formed from each FADH2 formed in aerobic respiration?

2

how many ATP molecules are formed from each NADH in aerobic respiration?

3

In aerobic respiration, one molecule of glucose yields ten total NADHs which produce a total of ____ ATP through the ETS

30

an enzyme through which hydrogen ions travel back into the cell after being transported outside the membrane by the ETC is termed

ATP synthase

what components contribute to the structure of ATP

Adenine, Ribose, and phosphate

Often derived from vitamins, a _____ is a type of cofactor that will act in conjunction with an enzyme to carry out activity.

coenzyme

Cofactors are either ____ or _____.

coenzymes; metal ions

what is sometimes needed for an enzyme to be fully functional?

cofactor

which type of inhibition involves a "mimic" molecule that can block enzyme activity at its active site

competitive inhibition

what name is used to describe enzymes that are generally found at constant amounts in the cell independent of substrate concentrations?

constitutive enzymes

A _____ is an electron carrier with a metal atom at its center

cytochrome

what term is used to describe the removal of a nitrogen-containing amino group from an amino acid?

deamination

The loss of the normal or native shape of a protein due to chemical or physical disruption of tertiary structure is called protein __________.

denaturation

the return of nitrogenous compounds to the atmosphere at the end of the nitrogen cycle is called

denitrification

what occurs during aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

electron transport system and krebs cycle

_____ reactions consume energy

endergonic

the term used for a biological catalyst is a(n)

enzyme

what term is used to describe the amino acids which cannot be synthesized by the cell but must be acquired from an outside cource?

essential

fats are composed of ___ acids joined to glycerol

fatty

what compound can typically yield the greatest amount of ATP per unit

fatty acid

glycolysis rates increase tremendously during

fermentation

the incomplete breakdown of glucose in the absence of oxygen that yields only a small amount of ATP and produces a variety of byproducts is a process called

fermentation

ligases

form bonds with input of ATP

enzyme induction is controlled by

genes

glycogen and starch are found in bacterial storage granules. these compounds are related to _______ and allow the cell to store it for future use

glucose

why does the krebs cycle occur twice per glucose molecule?

glucose will yield 2 pyruvates

the bacterial ______, which can be found as a capsule or slime layer, is formed from polysaccharides made through glycolysis

glycocalyx

which two enzyme classes transfer particles, atoms or chemical groups between substrates?

oxidoreductases and transferases

what are compounds related to glucose that bacterial cells can manufacture using glycolysis pathway intermediates?

glycogen and peptidoglycan

what pathway is not used during the catabolism of fatty acids?

glycolysis

______ is added to NAD to reduce it

hydrogen

the flow of electrons down the respiratory chain allows the active transport of _____ to the outside of the cytoplasmic membrane

hydrogen ions

enzymes ______ the speed of chemical reactions in the body

increase

what is true regarding the energy content of pyruvate?

it has a greater energy content then acetyl CoA

The ____ _____ is the only cellular respiration pathway which generates FADH as one of many products

krebs cycle

enzymes that break down fats into fatty acids and glycerol are called

lipases

the location of the krebs cycle enzymes in eukaryotes is in the ____, while in bacteria the enzymes are found in the _____

matrix, cytoplasm

In which process do some macromolecules get assembled from smaller components and other macromolecules get degraded to yield energy?

metabolism

the electron transport chain is located in the ____ membrane of eukaryotic cells and the ____ membrane of bacteria

mitochondrial; plasma

transferases

move a functional group from one molecule to another molecule

what best describes what happens in the electron transport system?

movement of electrons actively pump hydrogens creating a concentration gradient

inhibition of an enzyme that involves a second site known as the regulatory or allosteric site is _____ inhibition

noncompetitive

to form ADP, a total of ______ phosphate bond must be broken from ATP

one

typically, when are enzymes induced?

only when suitable substrate is present

The ____ test can be conducted to determine if a bacterium possesses cytochrome oxidase

oxidase