Chapter 7 smart book questions
NAD is reduced to ____ in glycolysis and the krebs cycle
NADH
enzymes that consist of protein alone are termed _____, whereas those that contain protein and other compounds are termed _____
simple enzymes; conjugated enzymes
what name is given to the compound upon which an enzyme will act?
substrate
what is NOT a function of coenzymes?
supplying energy for the reaction
most enzymes are named to reflect what?
the action of the enzyme
the primary generator of ATP is
the electron transport chain
regulated enzymes are induced according to the concentration of what
the substrate
ATP has ___ phosphate groups
three
Oxidoreductases
transfer of electrons
true or false: cofactors participate directly in chemical reactions with the enzyme-substrate complex
true
true or false: for binary fission to occur, a cell must use both catabolism and anabolism
true
true or false: protein components can become kreb cycle intermediates?
true
_______-CoA feeds directly into the krebs cycle
acetyl
the acetyl groups of fatty acids can be converted to _____ to enter the krebs cycle
acetyl CoA
the most common products of fermentation include
acid, alcohol, and carbon dioxide
the word "induction" when used to describe "enzyme induction" refers to
activating the gene responsible for a particular enzyme
the region on an enzyme that binds substrate is called the ____ site
active
which feature of an enzyme is the "most" unique?
active site
lyases
add/remove atoms to/from a double bond
superoxide ion and hydrogen peroxide are toxic byproducts of
aerobic respiration
the greatest amount of ATP is produced by
aerobic respiration
an example of a(n) _______ pathway is the use of acetyl CoA from glycolysis to build fatty acids
amphibolic
The specific process of _____ results in the synthesis of cell molecules and structures
anabolism
the cellular process of taking small molecules and producing larger macromolecules, as when amino acids are combined to make proteins is called
anabolism
what is the opposite of catabolism?
anabolism
E. coli has a positive nitrate test. This would indicate that this organism can carry out ____ respiration
anaerobic
what can synthesize all the macromolecules from CO2 and minerals?
autotrophs
fats are degraded to acetyl groups via ____ ______ reaction
beta oxidation
what method of cell division do prokaryotic cells perform?
binary fission
For an apoenzyme to become a functional holoenzyme, it must:
bind to a cofactor
"Anabolism" is also termed what?
biosynthesis
the term "metabolism" includes which type(s) of cellular reactions?
both anabolic and catabolic
ATP can be utilized for:
both catabolic and anabolic pathways
complex polysaccharides can be used as a source of carbon and energy by
breaking them down into their component sugars
what describes the function of a coenzyme?
carrying a chemical group from one substrate to another
what is the degradation of complex compounds during cellular metabolism?
catabolism
isomerases
change the form of a substrate
Labile means what?
chemically unstable
an organism will get its energy from fermentation when
oxygen is absent from its environment and it does not have an electron transport chain
what enzymes are lacking in strict anaerobes?
peroxidase and catalase
what are roles of ATP
prepares molecules for catabolism such as phosphorylation of glucose and powers biosynthesis by activating molecules
what is not an advantage of fermentation to microbial survival and growth?
promotes growth in oxygen-rich areas of the host
the general name for an enzyme that breaks down proteins to amino acids is
protease
changes in the environment influence production of the _____ enzymes
regulated
the inhibition of enzyme synthesis by the end product of a catabolic pathway occurs in enzyme
repression
Hydrolases
use water to break bonds
what is the "fate" of NADH and FADH2?
used in electron transport
a substance that is critical to nutrition and metabolic function because it is used to derive coenzymes is a
vitamin
In aerobic respiration, the oxygen molecule that accepts electrons and hydrogen is converted to
water
the oxygen molecule that accepts electrons and hydrogen in aerobic respiration is converted to
water
enzymes bond _____ with their substrate
weakly
E. coli produces enzymes to break down the sugar lactose
when lactose is the principal carbon source in its growth medium
______ phosphorylation is the coupling of ATP synthesis to electron transport
oxidative
the building blocks for anabolism come from:
-Outside the cell -Synthesis within the cell
what suffix denotes an enzyme?
-ase
How many ATP molecules are formed from each FADH2 formed in aerobic respiration?
2
how many ATP molecules are formed from each NADH in aerobic respiration?
3
In aerobic respiration, one molecule of glucose yields ten total NADHs which produce a total of ____ ATP through the ETS
30
an enzyme through which hydrogen ions travel back into the cell after being transported outside the membrane by the ETC is termed
ATP synthase
what components contribute to the structure of ATP
Adenine, Ribose, and phosphate
Often derived from vitamins, a _____ is a type of cofactor that will act in conjunction with an enzyme to carry out activity.
coenzyme
Cofactors are either ____ or _____.
coenzymes; metal ions
what is sometimes needed for an enzyme to be fully functional?
cofactor
which type of inhibition involves a "mimic" molecule that can block enzyme activity at its active site
competitive inhibition
what name is used to describe enzymes that are generally found at constant amounts in the cell independent of substrate concentrations?
constitutive enzymes
A _____ is an electron carrier with a metal atom at its center
cytochrome
what term is used to describe the removal of a nitrogen-containing amino group from an amino acid?
deamination
The loss of the normal or native shape of a protein due to chemical or physical disruption of tertiary structure is called protein __________.
denaturation
the return of nitrogenous compounds to the atmosphere at the end of the nitrogen cycle is called
denitrification
what occurs during aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
electron transport system and krebs cycle
_____ reactions consume energy
endergonic
the term used for a biological catalyst is a(n)
enzyme
what term is used to describe the amino acids which cannot be synthesized by the cell but must be acquired from an outside cource?
essential
fats are composed of ___ acids joined to glycerol
fatty
what compound can typically yield the greatest amount of ATP per unit
fatty acid
glycolysis rates increase tremendously during
fermentation
the incomplete breakdown of glucose in the absence of oxygen that yields only a small amount of ATP and produces a variety of byproducts is a process called
fermentation
ligases
form bonds with input of ATP
enzyme induction is controlled by
genes
glycogen and starch are found in bacterial storage granules. these compounds are related to _______ and allow the cell to store it for future use
glucose
why does the krebs cycle occur twice per glucose molecule?
glucose will yield 2 pyruvates
the bacterial ______, which can be found as a capsule or slime layer, is formed from polysaccharides made through glycolysis
glycocalyx
which two enzyme classes transfer particles, atoms or chemical groups between substrates?
oxidoreductases and transferases
what are compounds related to glucose that bacterial cells can manufacture using glycolysis pathway intermediates?
glycogen and peptidoglycan
what pathway is not used during the catabolism of fatty acids?
glycolysis
______ is added to NAD to reduce it
hydrogen
the flow of electrons down the respiratory chain allows the active transport of _____ to the outside of the cytoplasmic membrane
hydrogen ions
enzymes ______ the speed of chemical reactions in the body
increase
what is true regarding the energy content of pyruvate?
it has a greater energy content then acetyl CoA
The ____ _____ is the only cellular respiration pathway which generates FADH as one of many products
krebs cycle
enzymes that break down fats into fatty acids and glycerol are called
lipases
the location of the krebs cycle enzymes in eukaryotes is in the ____, while in bacteria the enzymes are found in the _____
matrix, cytoplasm
In which process do some macromolecules get assembled from smaller components and other macromolecules get degraded to yield energy?
metabolism
the electron transport chain is located in the ____ membrane of eukaryotic cells and the ____ membrane of bacteria
mitochondrial; plasma
transferases
move a functional group from one molecule to another molecule
what best describes what happens in the electron transport system?
movement of electrons actively pump hydrogens creating a concentration gradient
inhibition of an enzyme that involves a second site known as the regulatory or allosteric site is _____ inhibition
noncompetitive
to form ADP, a total of ______ phosphate bond must be broken from ATP
one
typically, when are enzymes induced?
only when suitable substrate is present
The ____ test can be conducted to determine if a bacterium possesses cytochrome oxidase
oxidase