Chapter 7 Study Guide

Implicit Memory

"automatic memory" Implicit memory uses past experiences to remember things without thinking about them.

Association networks:

- activating one node increases the likelihood that closely associated nodes in the same category will be activated. - each unit of information in the network is a node it's basically a way to organize the information into your brain like you organize information on a computer into folders and folders within folders and so on.

Moises was invited to attend his friend's graduation party. When he arrives, he immediately starts to look for his girlfriend, but he can't find her. In the meantime, he sits down on a couch in a noisy room and starts up a conversation with his friend Joon. Which of the following stimuli are the most likely to distract Moises from his conversation with Joon?

- hearing his name mentioned across the room - seeing his girlfriend - seeing a party guest who appears angry - overhearing juicy gossip in a different conversation

examples of prospective memory

- making a dentist appointment six months from now - needing to call a friend when you get out of work - needing to buy groceries to make food for a potluck dinner

In which of the following ways does chunking affect working memory?

- organizes information - increases memory span capacity - makes meaningful groupings easier to recall

Which memory tasks would H.M. (Henry Molaison) and others with his type of memory deficit have trouble completing?

- recalling he had met someone recently - repeating a conversation he'd had after his surgery - remembering a new bus route

Which of the following are effective strategies to improve prospective memory?

- using an electronic calendar - setting alarms on your phone - writing tasks down on a sticky note - writing tasks in a journal

The order of the memory process 1) 2) 3)

1) Encoding 2) Storage 3) Retrieval

Which of the following strategies enhance long-term memory by using retrieval cues?

1) Joe drinks coffee while he studies, so he buys a cup of coffee on his way to his exam. 2) Jason practices his speech in the classroom where he will deliver it. 3) Ellen visualizes the empty spots in her kitchen cupboards to recall her grocery list.

Which of the following are reasons why comparing human memory to computer processing is imperfect?

1) Your brain is unique. 2) Your brain is complex. 3) Your memory sometimes fails.

In which of the following ways does information become encoded from short-term into long-term storage?

1) meaningful rehearsal 2) practice retrieving the material

the 3 memory stores...

1) sensory storage 2) short-term storage 3) long-term storage

true or false: brain-training tasks improve everyday cognitive performance

FALSE Brain-training tasks seem to improve performance on identical tasks. There is less evidence that they improve performance on similar tasks, and there is hardly any evidence that they improve performance on distantly related tasks or everyday cognitive functioning.

True or False: Most individuals cannot choose where to direct their attention.

FALSE Most individuals display the capacity for selective attention. We can choose what information is important for us to pay attention to, and what information we will ignore.

In 1953, doctors removed parts of H.M.'s medial temporal lobes, including the hippocampus. What was the effect of this surgery?

He lost the ability to form new memories in long-term storage

Explicit Memory

Memory in which there is a need for conscious recollection in order to remember something. These can be verbally described.

While looking idly out the car window, a man sees an interesting bird and begins to pay attention. this is an example of...

Short-term storage

Identify the true and false statements about how long-term memory works according to spreading activation models.

TRUE: - Nodes are units of information. - Closely associated nodes are more likely to be activated. - Nodes are organized in networks.

Jason made index cards on a textbook chapter and always studied them in the same order. During the exam, he was able to recall the information on his first and last index cards, but not the ones in the middle. Which of the following explain why Jason was not able to recall the information from the middle of the chapter?

The recency effect primacy effect

When forming a memory these areas of the brain are used...

The temporal lobes and the hippocampus

Flashbulb Memory

Vivid recall of highly emotional or surprising events

cryptomnesia

a form of misattribution where one believes someone else's ideas on their own

short-term storage

a memory system that hold a limited amount of information for a very short period of time. Typically lasts 20 seconds and people can remember up to about 8 items.

Talking with a student after class, the professor forgot his briefcase in the classroom. - this is an example of...

absentmindedness

retrieval is...

accessing the encoded and stored information for use!

the amygdala is especially involved in...

allowing us to feel fear!

Match each brain area with the type of information it processes or stores: cerebellum

an experienced chef chopping an onion

Retrieval cue

anything that helps a person access a memory. ex: the smell of turkey, a favorite song from years past, a familiar building, etc.

Paige knew her friend's phone number, but she couldn't remember it. - this is an example of...

blocking

working memory

brain system responsible for temporarily storing and manipulating information.

retrograde amnesia

brain trauma causes loss of memories formed PRIOR to the brain trauma

memory bias

changing of memories over time in light of current beliefs and attitudes

The Primacy Effect

created by multiple rehearsals of the beginning items on a list, moving information into a long-term memory for high retrieval.

episodic memory

events that are specific to MY OWN life and personal experiences for example: birthdays, graduations, what happened yesterday, etc.)

semantic memory

factual information. ex: important holidays, the name of the first president of the United States.

anterograde amnesia

inability to form new memories for events that occur AFTER brain trauma

source amnesia

is a form of misattribution where one cannot recall where one learned information

procedural memory

is a type of implicit memory that involves motor skills and behavioral habits

rote repetition...

keeps memories active only while repeating them in short-term storage.

Match each brain area with the type of information it processes or stores: amygdala

learning to feel afraid when you hear ominous string music

Match each brain area with the type of information it processes or stores: hippocampus

learning your way around a new city

After two weeks of self-testing, a student recalls information for a cumulative final exam.

long-term storage

storage is...

maintaining information for some time.

In a 1953 study by Edward Cherry, participants were asked to wear headphones through which a different message was delivered to each ear. Each participant was asked to listen to one of the two messages and repeat it. Later on, participants were tested to see how much of the messages they remembered. What were the results of this study?

participants had no conscious awareness of the unattended message.

recency effect

people have a better memory for the most recent items, especially those at the end of the list.

proactive interference

previously learned material blocks retrieval of newly learned information

the cerebellum is especially involved in...

procedural memory for learning motor actions

retroactive interference

recently learned material blocks retrieval of old information

procedural memory

remembering how to do things like ride my bike, solving a math problem, or tying my shoes.

Match each brain area with the type of information it processes or stores: temporal lobe

remembering the plot of a book you read

persistence

remembering things one wants to forget

prospective memory

remembering to do things in the future

Match each brain area with the type of information it processes or stores: prefrontal cortex

repeating a phone number until you can write it down

A person drives by a store and glances at the clothes for sale in the window. this is an example of...

sensory memory

Mr. Murano teaches mathematics and is the advisor for the student government association. As his students file in to his algebra class, he pulls Hailey aside to tell her, "You need to collect a form for the school elections from the front office after class today. Don't forget or you'll miss the deadline to run for class president." Immediately after, Mr. Murano walks to the front of the classroom and recites an equation for the students to solve at their desks. Compared with her peers, how fast is Hailey likely to solve the equation?

she is likely to solve it slower than her classmates

selective attention

the ability to focus on what is important and necessary in order to process the information further.

long-term storage

the memory's "savings account" you have two ways to deposit information into your "memory bank" 1)Maintenance Rehearsal and 2) Elaborative Rehearsal

memory is....

the nervous system's ability to obtain and retain information and skills

encoding is...

the process by which information and skills are coded for storage

Consolidation

the process by which memories become stable in the brain

sensory memory/storage

this is a memory system that uses all 5 senses and it holds a vast amount of information for a very short and quick amount of time. ex: you could see the word "LOVE" spelled out by a sparkler because the visual input would be kept briefly in sensory storage

reconsolidation

this is the idea that memories can change each time that they are retrieved. each memory is of the retrieval before it and not the ORIGINAL experience. This is because new information comes paired with the retrieved memory to create a new, consolidated memory.

Jeanne could remember where the restaurant was and the menu items, but not the name of the place. - this is an example of...

tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

chunking

using working memory to organize information into meaningful groups to make it easier to remember.

When forming AND recalling a memory, these areas of the brain are used...

visual cortex areas & auditory cortical areas

Schemas are...

ways of structuring memories in long-term storage that help you perceive, organize, process, and use information

filter theory

we selectively attend to the most important information in a message

A person repeats a phone number until he enters it into his contact list. this is an example of...

working memory

maintenance rehearsal

you transfer information from your short term memory through repetition until it is committed to long-term memory

elaborative rehearsal

your mind elaborates on the information and integrates it with your existing memory. When information is meaningful & references something that I already know, remembering is much easier.