Chapter 7: Telecommunications, the Internet, and Wireless Technology

The Web

HTML (Hypertext Markup Language): -Formats documents for display on Web Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP): -Communications standard used for transferring Web pages (browser sends request to sec.gov requesting the home page of that website) Uniform resource locators (URLs): -Addresses of Web pages (ex: http://www.megacorp.com/content/features/082602.html) Web servers -Software for locating and managing Web pages

8) Web browser software requests web pages from the Internet using which protocol?

HTTP

The domain name system converts domain names to​ ___________________

IP Addresses

Which of the following is false concerning transmission of electronic​ data?

IP handles the data moving between​ computers, and TCP handles packaging of data at each end of the transmission. This is false. IP handles​ packaging, and TCP handles the transmission.

If you are renting a home while going to college and would like to connect to the​ Internet, you will need to contact​ a(n)______________ such as​ EarthLink, NetZero, or​ AT&T to connect

ISP

The Domain Name System (DNS)

The Domain Name System is a hierarchical system with a root domain, top-level domains, second-level domains, and host computers at the third level Root: "." Top Level: com Second Level: google Third Level (Host): sales.google.com

The Global Internet:

The Future Internet: IPv6 and Internet 2 IPv6 (14% current Traffic) -New addressing scheme for IP numbers -Will provide more than a quadrillion new addresses -Not compatible with current IPv5 addressing Internet2 -Advanced networking consortium Universities, businesses, government agencies, other institutions -Developed high-capacity 100 Gbps testing network -Testing leading-edge new technologies for Internet

corporate network infrastructure

Today's corporate network infrastructure is a collection of many different networks from the public switched telephone network, to the Internet, to corporate local area networks linking workgroups, departments, or office floors.

Transmission Media and Transmission Speeds

Transmission media: -Types: twisted pair wire(CAT 5), coaxial cable, wireless -Speeds: Wide range depending on software/hardware combination Transmission speed -Bps, Mbps: rate of information transmitted -Hertz: Number of cycles per second (1 htz = 1 cycle of the medium) -Bandwidth: Difference between highest and lowest frequencies on single channel

Communications Media and Channels

Transmission speed -bps, hertz, bandwidth Cable -Twisted wire [LAN cabling: Cat5 (RJ45)] -Coaxial cable -Fiber Optics Broadcast -Microwave -Satellite -Radio -Infrared

Physical Transmission Media

Twisted wire (modems) Coaxial cable Fiber optics and optical networks -Dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) Wireless transmission media and devices -Microwave -Satellites -UHF Bands: Bluetooth, WiFi, Cellular systems Transmission speed (hertz = one cycle of medium per second, bandwidth

It is possible to use a special​ secure, encrypted​ network, a​ _____, which works on the public​ network, like the Internet

VPN

One promising prediction for the future is that​ _____ will bring digital​ information, in all​ forms, together into a​ single, meaningful, experience

Web 3.0

Because it is difficult to lay cable or set up numerous​ Wi-Fi networks in rural areas of the​ U.S., ______ becomes a more viable option as it has a range of approximately 30 miles.

WiMax

7) A VPN:

an encrypted private network configured within a public network.

Bandwidth transmission speed is measured in​ _____________

hertz

The measurement​ ____________ is equivalent to one cycle of the medium.

hertz

10) One or more access points positioned on a ceiling, wall, or other strategic spot in a public place to provide maximum wireless coverage for a specific area are referred to as:

hotspots

​Today's broadband in households allows for connections of up to 15​ ________________ per second

million bits

Microsoft Windows Server and Linux are both considered examples of​ ____________

network operating systems

2) The method of slicing digital messages into parcels, transmitting them along different communication paths, and reassembling them at their destinations is called:

packet switching

Instead of sending an entire file in one big chunk across the​ Internet, __________ is used which dices the file up into little pieces that are sent independently across the communications​ paths, and then reassembled when they reach their destination

packet switching

9) What technology allows people to have content pulled from websites and fed automatically to their computers?

rss

A hub is often used as a connection point between networked computers. A​ _________ is very​ similar, but contains more advanced​ capabilities/intelligence.

switch

1) The device that acts as a connection point between computers and can filter and forward data to a specified destination is called a(n):

switch router (between networks including the internet)

TCP/IP and connectivity

-Connectivity between computers enabled by protocols -Protocols: rules that govern transmission of information between two points -Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Common worldwide standard that is basis for Internet TCP- handles movement of data between computers IP-responsible for delivery of packets and includes the disassembling and reassembling of packets during transmission -Department of Defense reference model for TCP/IP Four layers: Application layer Transport layer (TCP used) Internet layer (IP used) Network interface layer

Web 3.0 and the Future Web

-Developing techniques to make searching Web more productive and meaningful -"Semantic Web" A collaborative effort led by W3C to add layer of meaning to the existing Web -Ways to make Web more "intelligent" and intuitive -"Internet of Things" -More widespread use of cloud computing, mobile computing

Internet Services

-E-mail -Chatting and instant messaging -Newsgroups -Telnet -File Transfer Protocol (FTP) -World Wide Web VoIP Unified communications Virtual private network (VPN)

Packet switching

-Method of slicing digital messages into parcels (packets), sending packets along different communication paths as they become available, and then reassembling packets at destination -Previous circuit-switched networks required assembly of complete point-to-point circuit -Packet switching more efficient use of network's communications capacity -uses routers

The Wireless Revolution: Wireless sensor networks (WSNs)

-Networks of hundreds or thousands of interconnected wireless devices embedded into physical environment to provide measurements of many points over large spaces -Used to monitor building security, detect hazardous substances in air, monitor environmental changes, traffic, or military activity -Devices have built-in processing, storage, and radio frequency sensors and antennas -Require low-power, long-lasting batteries and ability to endure in the field without maintenance -Major sources of "Big Data" and fueling "Internet of Things"

Web 2.0

-Second-generation services enabling people to collaborate, share information, and create new services online -Blogs: chronological, informal Web sites created by individuals Microblogging -RSS (Really Simple Syndication): syndicates Web content so aggregator software can pull content for use in another setting or viewing later -Wikis: collaborative Web sites where visitors can add, delete, or modify content on the site -Social networking sites: enable users to build communities of friends and share information

The Wireless Revolution: Radio frequency identification (RFID)

-Use tiny tags with embedded microchips containing data about an item and location -Tag antennas to transmit radio signals over short distances to special RFID readers, which send data over network to computer for processing -Common uses: Automated toll-collection Tracking goods in a supply chain -Requires companies to have special hardware and software -Reduction in cost of tags making RFID viable for many firms

Wireless Transmission Media: Radio transmission

-Uses radio-wave frequencies to send data directly between transmitters and receivers -Advantages Signals can travel through objects (no line-of-sight) Require inexpensive devices Support high-speed data transmission -Disadvantages Possible electrical interference problems Signal can be intercepted by anyone with similar equipment using the same frequency

Wireless Transmission Media: Infrared

-Utilize infrared light Red light not commonly visible to human eyes Try using your digital camera to "see" it -Use for short-distance connections -Common uses are in remote control units for TVs, VCRs, DVDs, CD players

How Voice over IP Works

.. A VoIP phone call digitizes and breaks up a voice message into data packets that may travel along different routes before being reassembled at the final destination. A processor nearest the call's destination, called a gateway, arranges the packets in the proper order and directs them to the telephone number of the receiver or the IP address of the receiving computer.

A Virtual Private Network Using the Internet

.... This VPN is a private network of computers linked using a secure "tunnel" connection over the Internet. It protects data transmitted over the public Internet by encoding the data and "wrapping" them within the Internet Protocol (IP). By adding a wrapper around a network message to hide its content, organizations can create a private connection that travels through the public Internet

If you want your cell phone to transmit up to 100​ megabits/second downloads, you would need to upgrade to​ a(n) _____________ network.

4G

If you are purchasing a router that can provide wireless​ Wi-Fi at up to 11 Mbsp​ (but not​ over), you would need to purchase an​ __________ router.

802.11b

Analog versus Digital Signals

Analog signal: Continuous waves Amplitude: Loudness Frequency: Pitch Digital signal: Discrete pulses -On or off (1 or 0) Modem (Modulator Demodulator) -Converts digital signals to analog and vice versa -Types: Dial-up modem, cable modem, digital subscriber line (DSL) modem -Functions of the Modem: A modem is a device that translates digital signals into analog form (and vice versa) so that computers can transmit data over analog networks such as telephone and cable networks

802.15 is the popular networking standard also known as​ ________________.

Bluetooth

A common wireless networking​ standard, _______ is generally used for PANs.

Bluetooth

The Wireless Revolution: Wireless computer networks and Internet access

Bluetooth (802.15) -Links up to 8 devices in 10-m area using low-power, radio-based communication -Useful for personal networking (PANs) Wi-Fi (802.11-b) -Set of standards: 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, 802.11n -Used for wireless LAN and wireless Internet access -Use access points: device with radio receiver/transmitter for connecting wireless devices to a wired LAN -Hotspots: one or more access points in public place to provide maximum wireless coverage for a specific area -Weak security features WiMax (802.16) -Wireless access range of 31 miles -Require WiMax antennas

Twisted pair​ wire, also known as​ ____________, is the most common 10 Mbps LAN cable on the market today

CAT 5

Key Digital Networking Technologies

Client/server computing -Distributed computing model -Clients linked through network controlled by network server computer -Server sets rules of communication for network and provides every client with an address so others can find it on the network -Has largely replaced centralized mainframe computing -The Internet: largest implementation of client/server computing

The Wireless Revolution: Cellular systems

Competing standards for cellular service -CDMA: United States only -GSM: Rest of world, AT&T, T-Mobile Third-generation (3G) networks -Higher transmission speeds suitable for Web browsing but not Web browsing Fourth-generation (4G) networks -Entirely packet-switched -Up to 100 Mbps

Networks in Large Companies

Components can include: -Hundreds of local area networks (LANs) linked to firmwide corporate network -Various powerful servers Web site Corporate intranet, extranet Backend systems -Mobile wireless LANs (Wi-Fi networks) -Videoconferencing system -Telephone network -Wireless cell phones

true about transmission of electronic​ data

Computers using​ TCP/IP can communicate even if they have different operating system ​TCP/IP is the most widely​ accepted, worldwide standard for communications If a package arrives​ damaged, a request is sent to resend that one packet The Internet uses a suite of protocols for sending information between computers.

Wide-Area Wireless Networks

Connect users to each other and to the Internet over geographically dispersed distances Cellular radio network -Two-way radio communications over a cellular network of base stations with seamless handoffs

Networking and Communication Trends

Convergence: -Telephone networks and computer networks converging into single digital network using Internet standards -Cable companies providing voice service Broadband: -More than 96 percent U.S. Internet users have broadband access Broadband wireless: -Voice and data communication as well as Internet access are increasingly taking place over broadband wireless platforms

6) What service converts IP addresses into more recognizable alphanumeric names?

DNS

A​ _____ is great for a city to set up for emergency and public use since it is larger than many types of network configuration

MAN

The Global Internet

Internet addressing and architecture -IP addresses (i.e. 172.16.254.1) The Domain Name System (DNS) -Converts IP addresses to domain names -Hierarchical structure -Top-level domains

​___​_____ is a new network backed by​ universities, government, and private companies in more than 100 countries

Internet2

Types of Networks

Local-area networks (LANs) (office floor of buildiing;500 meters) -Ethernet is standard for physical medium -Workgroup network model (peer-to-peer architecture) -Windows domain network model Campus-area networks (CANs) Wide-area networks (WANs) span broad geo distances, entire regions, states, or the entire globe (Internet) Metropolitan-area networks (MANs) spans the city or its major suburbs

What Is a Computer Network?

Major components in simple network -Client computer -Server computer -Network interfaces -Connection medium (telephone wire, cable, or radio signal) -Network operating system (NOS): routes and manages communications on the network and coordinates network resources (Microsoft server, linux) -Hub or switch: simple devices that connect network components, sending a packet of data to all other connected devices Routers: communicate with another NETWORK, like the internet Software defined networking (SDN): control functions are managed by one central program, which can run on inexpensive servers that are separate from the network devices themselves

Wireless Transmission Media: Microwave

Microwave transmission systems -Widely used for high-volume, long-distance, point-to-point communication -Require line-of-sight Transmitter and receiver are in view of each other Due to curvature of the earth, microwave towers cannot be spaced more than 30 miles apart -Tightly directed transmission from transmitter to receiver -Susceptible to environmental interference

The Global Internet: Internet architecture and governance

Network service providers -Own trunk lines (high-speed backbone networks) Regional telephone and cable TV companies -Provide regional and local access Professional organizations and government bodies establish Internet standards -IAB: internet arch board helps define the overall structure of the internet -ICANN: internet corp for aassigned names and numbers manages the domain name system -W3C: world wide web consortium sets Hypertext markup language and other programming standards for the wen

4) In a telecommunications network architecture, a protocol is:

a standard set of rules and procedures for control of communications in a network.

What type of systems provide technology for tracking the movement of goods throughout the supply​ chain?

RFID

Short-Range Wireless Networks

Range: 100 feet or less Bluetooth -Link up to eight devices within a 30-foot area and transmit up to 2.1 mbps -Used for Personal Area Networks Ultra-wideband (UWB) -High-bandwidth wireless technology with transmission speeds in excess of 100 mbps (Examples: TimeDomain, Parking) Near-field communications (NFC) -Shortest range of any wireless network -Embedded in mobile devices such as cell phones and credit cards

Using Satellite Technologies in Business

Satellite a big microwave repeater in the sky; it contains one or more transponders that listen to a particular portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, amplifying incoming signals, and retransmitting them back to Earth Satellite transmission -Compared to microwave systems, satellite has much larger footprint The area of Earth's surface reached by a satellite's transmission -Receive and transmit data via line-of-sight -Utilize broadcast transmission Sending signals to many receivers at one time -Subject to propagation delay and environmental influences

The Global Internet: Searching for information on the Web

Search engines -Early 1990s engines used keyword indexes -Google implemented page ranking Mobile search—now 60 percent of all searches in 2016 Search engine marketing—major source of Internet advertising revenue SEO—process of improving rankings in search engine results -Google updates algorithm to mitigate link farming Social search -Effort to provide more relevant results by including pages visited by user's social network -Google +1, Facebook Like Semantic search -Goal is to include understanding of human language and behavior to deliver more relevant results Visual search - facial recognition software Intelligent agent shopping bots— Use intelligent agent software for searching Internet for shopping information

Facebook and Twitter are both companies that enable users to join up with a larger community. The formal name for this type of organization is called​ __________________.

Social networking

Medium-Range Wireless Networks

Wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi) -For wireless LANs (WLANs) -IEEE Standard 802.11a, b, g, n, ac -Hotspots: one or more access points in public place to provide maximum wireless coverage for a specific area Wi-Fi direct -Support peer-to-peer communications similar to Bluetooth MiFi -A small, portable wireless device that provides users with a permanent Wi-Fi hotspot wherever they go Super Wi-Fi -A wireless network proposal that creates long-distance wireless Internet connections Wireless mesh networks -Use multiple Wi-Fi access points to create a wide area network

Using Wireless Technologies in Business

Wireless fidelity (wi-fi) a means of linking computers using infrared or radio signals Common examples of wireless devices include: -Cellular phones and pagers -Global positioning systems (GPS) -Cordless computer peripherals -Home-entertainment-system control boxes -Two-way radios -Satellite television

Wireless Computer Networks

Wireless networks can be categorized by their effective distance -Short range -Medium range -Wide area

What Is the Internet?

World's most extensive network Internet service providers (ISPs) provide connections -Digital subscriber line (operate over existing telephone line to carry voice, data, and video transmission rates) -Cable Internet connections (provided by cable tv vendors use digital coaxial lines to deliver high speed internet access) -T1 lines international telephone standards for dgigtal communication; guaranteed delivery at 1.54 Mbps T3-45 Mbps

5) To use the analog telephone system for sending digital data, you must also use:

a modem.

What type of communications processor directs packets of data through different​ networks, ensuring that the data sent gets to the correct​ address?

a router

Shopping​ _______ use intelligent agent software to help people filter and discover information about potential products

bots

3) In TCP/IP, IP is responsible for:

disassembling and reassembling of packets during transmission.

A large corporation managing a network over a global area would be considered a​ _______

wide area network