Chapter 8 1801-1823

Marbury v. Madison.

Chief Justice Marshall ruled that the 1789 Judiciary Act was unconstitutional because it gave the Judicial Branch of government powers not granted to it by the Constitution. The Supreme Court could therefore not compel President Jefferson to accept the appointment of William Marbury. The Federalist William Marbury never became Justice of the Peace in the District of Columbia. William Marbury sues the government (on the behalf of several other judges) and demanded that the Court issue a 'Writ of Mandamus'. This writ is "writ of mandate" which orders a public agency or governmental body to perform an act required by law when it has refused to do so. This was a power given by the Judiciary Act of 1789. William Marbury believed that this action would force President Jefferson to accept these appointments.

Thomas Jefferson

He was a draftsman of the U.S. Declaration of Independence; the nation's first secretary of state (1789-94); second vice president (1797-1801); and, as the third president (1801-09), the statesman responsible for the Louisiana Purchase. President Jefferson's first term in office was remarkably successful and productive. In keeping with his Republican values, Jefferson stripped the presidency of all the trappings of European royalty, reduced the size of the armed forces and government bureaucracy and lowered the national debt from $80 million to $57 million in his first two years in office

midnight judges

The judges who were appointed to these new courts were called "Midnight Judges" by the Republicans because they were last minute appointments. President John Adams was alleged to have stayed up until midnight on March 3, 1801 completing the paperwork before his term in office ended the following day on March 4, 1801.

Result of the War of 1812

The war resolved issues that had limited U.S development for decades, and its conclusion launched a new period of growth for the country. It was the last war ever fought between the United States and Great Britian. the two nations had been in conflict almost nonstop since 1775, but the end of this war brought real peace. It was also the last war in which Indian tribes were allied with one nation or against another. After the war, no tribe was ever again able to make an alliance with a foreign nation, and the U.S government treated the tribes less and less as sovereign nations and more as an "internal matter". 1. America became bankrupt 2. the years during which the region's ports were closed were a time when some residents began manufacturing enterprises that in the years ahead would fuel rapid industrialization of the region 3. trade with Europe after the war not only resumed but also quickly exceeded all previous levels

John Carroll

John Carroll was the first Roman Catholic bishop in the United States and the first archbishop of Baltimore. He established the U.S. Roman Catholic church.

Cane Ridge

Kentucky, United States was the site, in 1801, of a large camp meeting that drew thousands of people and had a lasting influence as one of the landmark events of the Second Great Awakening, which took place largely in frontier areas of the United States. The event was led by eighteen Presbyterian ministers, but numerous Methodist and Baptist preachers also spoke and assisted. Many of the "spiritual exercises", such as glossolalia and ecstatic attendees, were exhibited that in the 20th century became more associated with the Pentecostal movement.

War Hawks

Members of Congress, mostly from the South and West, who aggressively pushed for a war against Britain after their election in 1810.

The Battle of New Orleans

On December 24, 1814, Great Britain and the United States signed a treaty in Ghent, Belgium that effectively ended the War of 1812. News was slow to cross the pond, however, and on January 8, 1815, the two sides met in what is remembered as one of the conflict's biggest and most decisive engagements. In the bloody Battle of New Orleans, future President Andrew Jackson and a motley assortment of militia fighters, frontiersmen, slaves, Indians and even pirates weathered a frontal assault by a superior British force, inflicting devastating casualties along the way. The victory vaulted Jackson to national stardom, and helped foil plans for a British invasion of the American frontier.

deist

One who has a religious orientation that rejects divine revelation and holds that the workings of nature alone reveal God's design for the universe.

William Marbury

President John Adams appointed 16 Federalist circuit judges and 42 Federalist justices. One of the "Midnight Judges" was William Marbury, who was named as Justice of the Peace for the District of Columbia.

Sacagawea

Sacagawea, the daughter of a Shoshone chief, was born circa 1788 in Lemhi County, Idaho. At around age 12, she was captured by an enemy tribe and sold to a French-Canadian trapper who made her his wife. In November 1804, she was invited to join the Lewis and Clark expedition as a Shoshone interpreter. After leaving the expedition, she died at Fort Manuel in what is now Kenel, South Dakota, circa 1812.

Tenskwatawa and Tecumseh

Tenskwatawa's vision was powerful, attracting adherents from neighboring Algonquian tribes, including Delaware and Miami Indians. Calling for cultural revitalization, the Shawnee Prophet sought to turn his people from the downward spiral of debt caused by declining resources. He called for his people to shun excess, revert to self-sufficiency, and recapture their sacred and powerful connection to their land. Along with his brother Tecumseh, a charismatic military leader, he envisioned Indian people embracing their own cultural values and coming together to thwart efforts by outsiders to determine the tribes' destiny. And, although Tecumseh at first urged peace among tribes, his meaning was clear: Indians must unite and fight to save their lands if necessary. Drawn by the Prophet's powerful vision, nearly one thousand people came to inhabit the multiethnic settlement dedicated to Indian self-sufficiency and unity at Prophet's Town, at the junction of the Wabash and Tippecanoe rivers in Ohio.

Judiciary Act of 1801

The 1801 Judiciary Act (Midnight Judges Act) was "An Act to provide for the more convenient organization of the Courts of the United States". John Adams, leader of the Federalists, signed the act into law on February 13, 1801, less than 3 weeks before the end of his presidency and the start of the Jefferson presidency. The act significantly enlarged the national judiciary, and Adams seized the opportunity to appoint his Federalist friends and supporters to the new offices. These men could be depended upon to protect Federalist legislation from the rising Democratic-Republicans.

Anglo-American Convention

The Convention respecting fisheries, boundary and the restoration of slaves between the United States of America and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, also known as the London Convention, Anglo-American Convention of 1818, Convention of 1818, or simply the Treaty of 1818, was a treaty signed in 1818 between the United States and the United Kingdom. It resolved standing boundary issues between the two nations, and allowed for joint occupation and settlement of the Oregon Country, known to the British and in Canadian history as the Columbia District of the Hudson's Bay Company, and including the southern portion of its sister for district New Caledonia. The treaty marked the United Kingdom's last permanent major loss of territory in what is now the Continental United States, while gaining it the northernmost tip of the territory of Louisiana above the 49th parallel north, known as the Milk River in present day southern Alberta and south west Saskatchewan. Britain ceded all of Rupert's Land south of the 49th parallel and west to the Rocky Mountains, including all of the Red River Colony south of that latitude.

Macon's Bill No. 2

"An Act concerning the commercial intercourse between the United States and Great Britain and France and their dependencies, and for other purposes," was enacted by Congress on 1 May 1810, during the period preceding the War of 1812. The objective was to compel Great Britain and France to stop their restrictions against U.S. shipping. Designed as a substitute for the unsuccessful Nonintercourse Act, it prohibited British and French armed vessels from entering American waters and ports unless forced in by distress or to deliver dispatches. The measure reopened American trade to the entire world. The act stated that if either France or Britain removed its restrictions on American commerce by 3 March 1811 and the other failed to do so within three months, the president would revive the restrictions of nonintercourse against that other nation.

Zebulon Pike

(1779-1813) was a soldier who is best known as an early explorer of the Louisiana Territory. In the late summer of 1805, General James Wilkinson, the governor of the newly purchased Louisiana Territory, sent Pike on the first of two expeditions through the territory, a mission to find the source of the Mississippi River. Although Pike was unable to find the source of the river, he did hold significant talks with various tribes in the regions he passed through. President Jefferson discussed these meetings and their results in an 1808 message to the Senate

Non-Importation Act

The Non-Importation Act was an act passed by the United States Congress on October 28, 1806 which forbade the importation of certain British goods in an attempt to coerce Great Britain to suspend its impressment of American sailors and to respect American sovereignty and neutrality on the high seas.

Lyman Beecher

A graduate of Yale in 1797, he held pastorates at Litchfield, Conn., and at Boston, during which he opposed rationalism, Catholicism, and the liquor traffic. Turning his attention to evangelizing the West, he became president of the newly founded Lane Theological Seminary in Cincinnati, Ohio (1832-50), and also assumed a new pastorate there (1832-42). His Calvinism, considered strict by Bostonians, proved so mild for western Presbyterians that he was tried for heresy, but his synod acquitted him. Beecher was called by a contemporary "the father of more brains than any other man in America." He organized the Connecticut Society for the Suppression of Vice and the Promotion of Good Morals and published The Connecticut Evangelical Magazine and Religious Intelligencer in an effort to maintain the special status of the Congregationalist churches. But he lost.

Hartford Convention

A meeting of Federalists delegates from the New England states to protest the continuation of the War of 1812.

wall of separation between church and state

A phrase coined by Thomas Jefferson to make clear his beliefs that the First Amendment to the Constitution guaranteed that governments should not interfere with the work of churches, and churches should not interfere with, or expect support from, government.

Judicial review

A power implied in the Constitution that gives federal courts the right to review and determine the constitutionality of acts passed by Congress and state legislatures.

Treaty of Fort Jackson

The Treaty of Fort Jackson, or more properly the Treaty with the Creeks, 1814, was signed on August 9, 1814, and concluded the Creek War of 1813-14 between the Red Stick faction of the Upper Creeks and the United States. The agreement was notable for forcing the Creeks to cede approximately 23 million acres of land in the Mississippi Territory, much of it in present-day central and south Alabama, as well as in southern Georgia, to the United States. The land transfer opened up a vast fertile territory to white settlement and later led to the removal of the majority of the Creek Nation to the newly opened West.

Second Great Awakening

A series of religious revivals in the first half of the 1800s characterized by great emotionalism in large public meetings. This Second Great Awakening, a reprise of the Great Awakening of the early 18th century, was marked by an emphasis on personal piety over schooling and theology. It arose in several places and in several active forms. In northern New England, social activism took precedence; in western New York, the movement encouraged the growth of new denominations. In the Appalachian region of Tennessee and Kentucky, the revival energized Presbyterians, Methodists and Baptists, and gave rise to the popular camp meeting, a chance for isolated frontier folk to gather and enjoy the excitement of evangelistic fervor. The first camp meeting occurred in south-central Kentucky in June 1800. James McGready, a Presbyterian, and two colleagues preached for three solid days. The following day, two circuit-riding Methodist ministers arrived and emotionally exhorted the crowd. The revivals of the west were much more emotional than those in the east. The revival's secular effects consisted of two main strains: The virtues and behavior of the expanding middle class—a strong work ethic, frugality and temperance—were endorsed and legitimized, and its emphasis on the ability of individuals to amend their lives engendered a wide array of reform movements aimed at redressing injustice and alleviating suffering—a democratizing effect.

Denmark Vesey

A slave, Denmark Vesey spent 20 years sailing with his master. In 1800 he purchased his freedom, took up carpentry and prospered at his trade. Although he would later deny it, he allegedly held meetings at his home to collect arms for an uprising he was planning for as many as 9,000 African Americans in South Carolina. The plan was betrayed by several fearful slaves and he and others were seized. He was also a free Black Sunday School teacher who saw himself as a later-day Moses, ready to lead his people to freedom

tariff

A tax on imports into any nation

Treaty of Ghent

A treaty signed in December 1814 between the United States and Britain that ended the War of 1812

Embargo Act

An act passed by Congress in 1807 prohibiting American ships from leaving for any foreign port.

Non-Intercourse Act

An act, passed by Congress in 1809, designed to modify the Embargo Act by limiting it to trade with Britain and France so as to extend U.S commerce in the rest of the world.

Thomas Freeman

An astronomer and surveyor who tracked the Red River Valley in the southern portion of the new territory. (Appointed by Jefferson to lead third expedition)

Louisiana purchase

With the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, the United States purchased approximately 828,000,000 square miles of territory from France, thereby doubling the size of the young republic. What was known as Louisiana Territory stretched from the Mississippi River in the east to the Rocky Mountains in the west and from the Gulf of Mexico in the south to the Canadian border in the north. Part or all of 15 states were eventually created from the land deal, which is considered one of the most important achievements of Thomas Jefferson's presidency.

Mandans

a Native American tribe residing in North Dakota.

Monroe Doctrine

a U.S. foreign policy regarding domination of the American continent in 1823. It stated that further efforts by European nations to colonize land or interfere with states in North or South America would be viewed as acts of aggression, requiring U.S. intervention.

Corps of Discovery

a specially-established unit of the United States Army which formed the nucleus of the Lewis and Clark expedition that took place between May 1804 and September 1806. The Corps, which was a select group of volunteers, were led jointly by Captain Meriwether Lewis and Second Lieutenant William Clark. Commissioned by President Thomas Jefferson, the Corps' objectives were both scientific and commercial - to study the area's plants, animal life, and geography, and to learn how the Louisiana purchase could be exploited economically

Adams-Onis Treaty

also known as the Transcontinental Treaty, the Florida Purchase Treaty, or the Florida Treaty, was a treaty between the United States and Spain in 1819 that ceded Florida to the U.S. and defined the boundary between the U.S. and New Spain (now Mexico). cost $5 million

Writ of mandamus

an order from a court to an inferior government official ordering the government official to properly fulfill their official duties or correct an abuse of discretion. (See, e.g. Cheney v. United States Dist.

Timothy Dwight

became president of Yale in 1795, a firm Federalist, and hated Jefferson's republicanism and who could not imagine good government or moral citizens without a state church.

Nat Turner

black American slave who led the only effective, sustained slave rebellion (August 1831) in U.S. history. It was the largest slave revolt before the Civil War. Spreading terror throughout the white South, his action set off a new wave of oppressive legislation prohibiting the education, movement, and assembly of slaves and stiffened pro-slavery, anti-abolitionist convictions that persisted in that region until the American Civil War (1861-65).

John Wesley

born June 17, 1703 in Epworth, England. In 1729 he joined his brother Charles, Robert Kirkham and William Morgan in a religious study group called the "Methodists." Taking over the leadership of the group, John helped it grow in numbers. The "Methodists," also called the Holy Club, were known for fasting two days a week. From 1730 on, they added social services to their activities.

James McGready

c.1758-1817, American Presbyterian minister and evangelist, b. Pennsylvania. His preaching (1797-99) in Logan co., Ky., began the great religious revival which in 1800 swept over the South and the West. Gatherings encamped for McGready's revivals were the forerunners of later camp meetings. Some of his methods were questioned by the Presbyterian Church; in the division that resulted, the Cumberland Presbyterian Church was established. Later McGready was received back into his presbytery and sent (1811) to Indiana to found churches. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All ri

Richard Allen

one of the first African American religious and civil rights leaders in the United States. Allen discovered religion after hearing a wandering Methodist preacher at a secret gathering of slaves in Delaware. He drove a salt wagon during the Revolutionary War and purchased his freedom in 1780. In 1786, he traveled to Philadelphia to preach to the black congregation at St. George's Methodist Church. After separating from St. George's in 1794, Allen helped found the African Episcopal Church of St. Thomas and then went on to found his own Methodist congregation which he called Bethel Church. Allen became the first black deacon of the Methodist Church and eventually, after thirty years of struggle with the white Methodist congregation at St. George's, founded the African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church. Allen became the AME's first bishop and was recognized as one of the leading voices in the free black community of the early nineteenth century.

religious establishment

the name given to a state-church or to the creation of an "established church" that might play a role in, and expect support and loyalty from, all citizens.