chapter 8

Which of the following foods or beverages contain known carcinogens?

1. Alcoholic beverages 2. Charcoal-broiled steak 3. Salted fish

Vitamin D

Absorption of calcium and phosphorus, calcification of bone, maintenance of muscular function

Vitamin K

Assists with blood clotting

To reduce the risk of delivering infants with spina bifida, women of childbearing age should focus on obtaining adequate amounts of ______.

folate

To reduce your risk of cancer, you should ______.

include a variety of fruits, vegetables, and whole-grain foods in your diet

Cancerous cells that divide repeatedly and frequently and do not die are called

malignant cells.

If these cells grow together to form masses, the masses are called

malignant tumors.

Cancerous cells move to and invade other parts of the body. When cancer spreads to other tissues, the disease has

metastasized.

Last week, Leon started taking mega doses of a dietary supplement to reduce his blood lipid levels. Within a few days after he began taking the supplement, he noticed his face felt uncomfortably warm and his cheeks were red. Based on this information, Leon is taking _______. Multiple Choice

niacin

Beta-carotene is a fat-soluble provitamin found primarily in orange, red, and yellow fruits and vegetables. How can you enhance your body's absorption of beta-carotene when preparing low-fat foods that are rich sources of the provitamin?

Combine raw greens with salad dressing that contains vegetable oil.

Neural tube defects

Condition associated with folate deficiency during pregnancy

Megaloblastic anemia

Condition characterized by the presence of large, immature red blood cells in the bloodstream

Vitamin A

Normal vision and reproduction, cellular growth, immune system function

Thiamin

Person complaining of severe weakness and poor muscular coordination

Vitamin B12

Person with anemia characterized by many large red blood cells in the bloodstream despite adequate folate intake; can lead to nerve degeneration, paralysis, and death

Riboflavin

Person with muscle weakness and inflamed eyes and mouth

Vitamin C

Person with slow would healing, bleeding gums, and pinpoint hemorrhages on the skin

Niacin

Person with the following symptoms; diarrhea, dermatitis, and dementia

Osteomalacia

The adult form of rickets characterized by soft bones

In some cases, people need a vitamin supplement. Match the person's description with the vitamin that would most likely need to be supplemented. 1. Vitamin D 2. Vitamin A 3. Vitamin K 4. Vitamin b-12 5. Vitamin E

1. An adult women who is told after a bone mineral density test that she has osteomalacia 2. A child in the developing world who is diagnosed with night blindness 3. A newborn baby who has difficulty with blot clotting 4. An older adult whose stomach does not produce enough acid 5. A premature infant who is exhibiting signs of hemolysis

Certain vitamins or provitamins function as antioxidants by helping to protect cells from being damaged by free radicals. Check all of the following substances that are known have antioxidant activity.

1. Beta-carotene 2. Vitamin E 3.Vitamin C

Excessive intake of some vitamins can cause toxicity-related side effects. Match the vitamin with the potential side effect when that vitamin is taken in excessive quantities

1. Niacin Skin flushing 2. Vitamin A Birth defects 3. Vitamin C Diarrhea and GI tract discomfort 4. Vitamin B-6 Can cause nerve damage 5. Vitamin D Calcium deposits in soft tissues

Many vitamin deficiencies have named diseases. Match the following diseases with the specific vitamin deficiency. 1. Vitamin C 2. Vitamin B-12 3. Niacin 4. Riboflavin 5. Thiamin

1. Scurvy 2. Pernicious anemia 3. Pellagra 4. Ariboflavinosis 5. Beriberi

Which of the following statements is(are) true about vitamins?

1. Some vitamins are made by the body, but the body can't make enough of the compounds to maintain good health. 2. Vitamin deficiencies occur when the body lacks the nutrient for a period. 3. If a vitamin deficiency disorder occurs, it can be cured by consuming foods or taking dietary supplements that contain the vitamin.

The body can convert a few kinds of carotenoids, particularly 1. _______into retinol.

1. beta-carotene,

When the body is deficient in 1._______ or vitamin B-12, immature 2.______ cannot form enough new 3.________to divide properly, so the cells keep their nuclei, and they're fewer and larger than normal.

1. folate 2. RBC 3. DNA

A deficiency of vitamin B-12 also causes the formation of enlarged, immature cells in the bloodstream that cannot function as well as their normal counterparts. When the vitamin B-12 deficiency develops because of the lack of 1._______in the stomach, it's called 2.___________

1. intrinsic factor 2. pernicious anemia

Over time, this causes the folate-deficiency condition called 1.______

1. megaloblastic anemia.

The resulting production of the abnormal cells decreases the blood's ability to carry 1._______. This condition a type of 2._____

1. oxygen 2. anemia

The substance called 1.________, which is also known as 2._____________________, is only found in animal foods, especially liver, egg yolks, and fish liver oils.

1. retinol 2. preformed vitamin A

Match the vitamin or vitamin precursor to its major food source. 1. E 2. K 3. D 4. Beta carotene

1. sunflower seeds and vegetable oils 2. kale, spinach, beet greens, turnip greens 3. fortified milk 4. cantaloupe

We sometimes refer to these carotenoids that the body converts as 1._____

1.provitamin A

According to results of most scientific studies, taking dietary supplements that contain vitamins E, A, and C significantly reduce the risk of colorectal and skin cancers.

False

Determine whether each label describes water-soluble or fat-soluble vitamins.

Fat soluble 1. Vitamins that are more likely to be toxic when taken in higher than needed amounts 2. Vitamins that are stored mostly in the liver and fatty tissues 3. Vitamins a d e k water soluble 1. Vitamins that are easily excreted in urine 2. Vitamins that are generally stored in limited amounts 3. B and c vitamins

Felix is concerned about his body's ability to make vitamin D. Match the following situations as either one that generally improves his body's ability to make vitamin D or generally reduces his body's ability to make vitamin D.

Less 1. older vs younger 2. Dark vs light skin 3. less vs more sun More 1. summer vs winter 2. southern vs northern

Night blindness

Symptom of early vitamin A deficiency

Carotenoids

Yellow, orange, and red pigments in fruits and vegetables

An agent that is cancer-causing is said to be

carcinogenic

Plants contain yellow, orange, and red pigments called 1._______

carotenoids

A free radical is a _______.

chemically unstable substance that can remove electrons from more stable compounds

Which of the following substances is classified as a vitamin-like substance?

choline

Most B vitamins function as part of _______.

coenzymes

Gabe's 85-year-old neighbor told him that when he was growing up, the milkman would deliver clear glass bottles of milk to his family's doorstep. He wonders why milk isn't available in clear glass bottles anymore. Gabe explains to him that light destroys _______ in milk, so milk is usually stored in opaque containers to help preserve the nutrient.

riboflavin

Gabe is interested in ways to maximize the vitamin content of his fresh fruits and vegetables. All of the following are good practices to preserve such foods' vitamin contents, except ______.

storing fresh produce in a warm place or dark cupboard