Part 1 of Lavaglia Sociology final

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The term "bourgeois" literally means ____

"of the town"

The experiment described in lecture in which Iowa students were brought to the lab and randomly assigned to be informally discriminated against for 15 min or treated as privileged U of Iowa students showed that being discriminated against for 15 minutes lowered average IQ from:

120 to 112

Here is a series of numbers: 1, 2, 1, 8, 0, 9, 9, 10. What is the standard deviation?

16.5

Which of the following reflects a gemeinschaft society?

A small community's tomato festival.

Which of these statements is the best description of a variable?

A variable is something that can have different values in different cases.

Who wrote Democracy in America?

Alexis de Tocqueville

The sociologist who introduced the concept of primary groups is ______

Charles Horton Cooley

The lecture discussed an experiment in which students awarded damages in a civil lawsuit for a person who had been changed from German-American to another race or ethnicity. The change to which of the following was awarded the second highest amount of money?

Chinese American

Which of the following is false in regards to socialization and conformity?

Conformity to social expectations eliminates individuality.

______'s work is the basis for functionalist theory

Emile Durkheim

Which state has the highest proportion of its black population in prison?

Iowa

The Chicago School sociologist who was a leader in the settlement house movement and who did systematic research geared toward improving the lives of the dispossessed groups within the city was ______

Jane Addams

Who wrote that the history of all previous societies is the history of class struggle?

Karl Marx

Which of the following is NOT one of the top ten American values identified by the sociologist Robin Williams?

None of the options (which were: equal opportunity, material comfort, racism)

Which sociologist believed that by the 1970s, American individualism had grown toxic to democracy?

Robert Bellah

_____ are the set of expected behaviors associated with a given status in society.

Roles

In the text, which of the following is not one of Weber's basic dimensions of society? -Political -Economic -Cultural -Social

Social

What is the relationship between culture and society, from a sociological perspective?

The members of a society share a culture to some extent.

In which of the following is Durkheim most interested?

The ways society is held together

Which of the following is true about the meanings of symbols?

They depend on the culture in which they appear.

Who said this about the concept of social marginality? "It is like being gifted with second sight, always looking at oneself through the eyes of others"

W.E.B Du Bois

Which sociologist was the first African American to earn a PhD from Harvard University?

W.E.B. Du Bois

WI Thomas explained deviance as:

a normal response to social conditions

Social control theory suggest that deviance occurs when:

a person's attachment to social bonds is weakened

concepts are___

abstract ideas that are potentially measurable

Which of these types of society has the greatest amount of social differentiation?

agricultural

Which type of society may include an organized system of slavery?

agricultural

In Hegel's dialectic, the opposing idea that generates conflict is called:

an antithesis

According to Merton's Theory of Social Structure and Anomie, a leader of a gang that imports illegal drugs into the US would be considered:

an innovator

Compared to the series of numbers in the preceding question (# 1, 2, 1, 8, 0, 9, 9, 10), how would you interpret a score of 9?

average

In the "What Would You Do?" segment described in lecture, more people called the police when:

black teens relaxed in their own car in a white neighborhood

According to differential association theory, people become deviant

by learning from members of their primary group

In the debate over whether class or race is more important as the source of inequality, sociologist William Julius Wilson argues that:

changes in the economic structure have become more important than race in shaping life chances

According to the perspective of ______, the internalization of societal values in the process of socialization is important because it reinforces power of the ruling class in society.

conflict theory

Consumption for the sake of displaying one's wealth is called _____

conspicuous consumption

Sociologists note that the way society is organized and people's lives within it are the result of social definitions and processes. In other words, sociologists state that our lives are socially _______

constructed

The difference between subcultures and counter cultures is that

countercultures reject and defy the dominant culture and subcultures do not.

Studying the impact of parental prejudice on the attitudes of their child, the child's attitudes are the ___

dependent variable

George Simmel developed the concept of "critical distance," which refers to ______

detaching from a situation to view things critically

The experiment described in lecture in which Iowa students were brought to lab and informally discriminated against for 15 minutes or treated as privileged U of Iowa students showed that:

discrimination lowers scores on standardized tests AND many students resisted discrimination by trying harder but still scored lower

Sociology is a/n _____ discipline, meaning the conclusions are based on systematic observations.

empirical

A social category of people who share a common culture is referred to as an:

ethnic group

The habit of seeing things only from the point of view of one's own group is called ______

ethnocentrism

Theories are

explanations

Through the process of socialization, we do all of the following except

express genetic traits

Children who do not develop a bond with a caregiver during the first few months of life show severe developmental problems. This syndrome is ___________.

failure to thrive

Which of the following is an example of a primary group?

family

Which of the following is not a social institution?

friends

The guesses that scientists make are called _________.

hypotheses

Mores are ______

important norms that constrain moral and ethical behavior

According to Durkheim, why do societies actually need deviance?

in order to recognize normal behavior

Thomas Pettigrew's summary of research on attribution theory found that _____

individuals commonly distort the motives and acts of people whom they see as out-group members.

In a society where mechanical solidarity exist ______

individuals share the same values, hold the same things sacred, and frequently play the same roles

A tattoo on a person's face or neck is an example of:

informal deviance

Qualitative research is based on __

interpretive observations

An out-group is all of these except:

is always a secondary group

Emile Durkheim described society as suis generis. This means that society

is greater than the sum of its parts; it is an entity of its own

Regardless of where it is found in the world, culture _______

is shared

The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis suggests that:

language provides the categories through which reality is defined

Sociologists who study the large, more complex patterns of social interactions are using _______

macroanalysis

Robert Merton suggested that human behavior has ______

manifest functions and latent functions

The recommended solution for alcoholism usually involves some type of treatment and possibly hospitalization. In contrast, the issue of crack cocaine is legally punished. The difference may be explained by the fact that alcoholism has been:

medicalized

Research on discrimination in housing has found that

members of minority groups are frequently turned down for housing situations in which a white person is not

. Sociologists who study relatively small, less-complex patterns of social interaction are using _____

microanalysis

. Social scientists and others debate whether humanness is naturally occurring or socially created. This is called the _______ debate

nature-nurture

During the "Roaring 20s" Americans consumed more alcohol per person than they did in:

none of these choices

Norms, values, laws, and customs are all examples of _____ culture

nonmaterial

The specific cultural rules for how to behave in a given situation are called _____

norms

while prejudice is an attitude, discrimination is:

overt behavior

A researcher who lives among the homeless in an effort to understand their norms is an example of______

participant observation

the study of date rape has found that:

people with more traditional attitudes are more likely to excuse men of accused date rape

When sociologists conduct surveys or engage in participant observation they are gathering _____

primary data

From the perspective of conflict theorists, social institutions ______

protect the wealth and interests of those in power

Networks based _____ on are especially important in job networks.

race, class, and gender

Anomie, as defined by Durkheim, is frequently referred to as a state of

relative normalness caused by the break down of social influences

A researcher is concerned whether a measure gives consistent results is focused on _____

reliability

Research using the design of a previous study on a different group of people or in a different time or place, is called a _______ study

replication

According to Charles Horton Cooley, the self is formed as we

respond to the expectations that others have for us

The ______ principle states that we categorize people on the basis of what appears initially prominent and obvious about them

salience

The sociological perspective has been described as ____________.

seeing the strange in the familiar AND seeing the general in the particular

Zimbardo's Stanford County Prison study found convincing evidence that abnormal or "inhuman" behavior can be caused by ______

situational factors

Which theoretical paradigm is most closely related to the feminist perspective?

social conflict

Within sociology, the social practices by which groups and individuals within those groups are brought into conformity with dominant social expectations is called ___

social control

W. E. B. DuBois was most interested in which of the following?

social justice

According to this theory of socialization, if a child receives positive reinforcement for a behavior, then she will repeat it

social learning

Sociologists use the term to describe the order established in social groups at any level of society

social organization

Sociological definition of social deviance:

stresses social context, not individual behavior

In their day-to- day lives, most people _____

take the expectations of their culture for granted

What is the most important factor for determining the racial categories within any society?

the beliefs and interest of the most powerful group(s) in society

Durkheim argued that complex societies are held together by the systematic interrelatedness of different tasks. He used the term _______ to refer to this interrelatedness.

the division of labor

A major contribution of Marx to sociology was the understanding of ______

the effects of capitalism on society.

Which of the following was not a condition that led to the development of sociology?

the increasingly important role of religion

The overall purpose of the bureaucratic organization is

to maximize efficiency

"From each according to their ability, to each according to their need" is a guiding statement of ____.

true communism

By definition, groups must be at least ______ people

two

Weber defined verstehen as _____

understanding behavior to which people give meaning

According to research, which of the following is most likely to lead to getting a job?

using a personal network

What is the term for cultural standards that define what is good or valuable?

values

Harriet Martineau was an early sociologist and a British citizen. Her book, Society in America _______

was overlooked for many years

A social psychology experiment showed that religious students walked by a man who had been hurt without stopping to help because they __________.

were distracted by being late to class


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