Part 1 of Lavaglia Sociology final
The term "bourgeois" literally means ____
"of the town"
The experiment described in lecture in which Iowa students were brought to the lab and randomly assigned to be informally discriminated against for 15 min or treated as privileged U of Iowa students showed that being discriminated against for 15 minutes lowered average IQ from:
120 to 112
Here is a series of numbers: 1, 2, 1, 8, 0, 9, 9, 10. What is the standard deviation?
16.5
Which of the following reflects a gemeinschaft society?
A small community's tomato festival.
Which of these statements is the best description of a variable?
A variable is something that can have different values in different cases.
Who wrote Democracy in America?
Alexis de Tocqueville
The sociologist who introduced the concept of primary groups is ______
Charles Horton Cooley
The lecture discussed an experiment in which students awarded damages in a civil lawsuit for a person who had been changed from German-American to another race or ethnicity. The change to which of the following was awarded the second highest amount of money?
Chinese American
Which of the following is false in regards to socialization and conformity?
Conformity to social expectations eliminates individuality.
______'s work is the basis for functionalist theory
Emile Durkheim
Which state has the highest proportion of its black population in prison?
Iowa
The Chicago School sociologist who was a leader in the settlement house movement and who did systematic research geared toward improving the lives of the dispossessed groups within the city was ______
Jane Addams
Who wrote that the history of all previous societies is the history of class struggle?
Karl Marx
Which of the following is NOT one of the top ten American values identified by the sociologist Robin Williams?
None of the options (which were: equal opportunity, material comfort, racism)
Which sociologist believed that by the 1970s, American individualism had grown toxic to democracy?
Robert Bellah
_____ are the set of expected behaviors associated with a given status in society.
Roles
In the text, which of the following is not one of Weber's basic dimensions of society? -Political -Economic -Cultural -Social
Social
What is the relationship between culture and society, from a sociological perspective?
The members of a society share a culture to some extent.
In which of the following is Durkheim most interested?
The ways society is held together
Which of the following is true about the meanings of symbols?
They depend on the culture in which they appear.
Who said this about the concept of social marginality? "It is like being gifted with second sight, always looking at oneself through the eyes of others"
W.E.B Du Bois
Which sociologist was the first African American to earn a PhD from Harvard University?
W.E.B. Du Bois
WI Thomas explained deviance as:
a normal response to social conditions
Social control theory suggest that deviance occurs when:
a person's attachment to social bonds is weakened
concepts are___
abstract ideas that are potentially measurable
Which of these types of society has the greatest amount of social differentiation?
agricultural
Which type of society may include an organized system of slavery?
agricultural
In Hegel's dialectic, the opposing idea that generates conflict is called:
an antithesis
According to Merton's Theory of Social Structure and Anomie, a leader of a gang that imports illegal drugs into the US would be considered:
an innovator
Compared to the series of numbers in the preceding question (# 1, 2, 1, 8, 0, 9, 9, 10), how would you interpret a score of 9?
average
In the "What Would You Do?" segment described in lecture, more people called the police when:
black teens relaxed in their own car in a white neighborhood
According to differential association theory, people become deviant
by learning from members of their primary group
In the debate over whether class or race is more important as the source of inequality, sociologist William Julius Wilson argues that:
changes in the economic structure have become more important than race in shaping life chances
According to the perspective of ______, the internalization of societal values in the process of socialization is important because it reinforces power of the ruling class in society.
conflict theory
Consumption for the sake of displaying one's wealth is called _____
conspicuous consumption
Sociologists note that the way society is organized and people's lives within it are the result of social definitions and processes. In other words, sociologists state that our lives are socially _______
constructed
The difference between subcultures and counter cultures is that
countercultures reject and defy the dominant culture and subcultures do not.
Studying the impact of parental prejudice on the attitudes of their child, the child's attitudes are the ___
dependent variable
George Simmel developed the concept of "critical distance," which refers to ______
detaching from a situation to view things critically
The experiment described in lecture in which Iowa students were brought to lab and informally discriminated against for 15 minutes or treated as privileged U of Iowa students showed that:
discrimination lowers scores on standardized tests AND many students resisted discrimination by trying harder but still scored lower
Sociology is a/n _____ discipline, meaning the conclusions are based on systematic observations.
empirical
A social category of people who share a common culture is referred to as an:
ethnic group
The habit of seeing things only from the point of view of one's own group is called ______
ethnocentrism
Theories are
explanations
Through the process of socialization, we do all of the following except
express genetic traits
Children who do not develop a bond with a caregiver during the first few months of life show severe developmental problems. This syndrome is ___________.
failure to thrive
Which of the following is an example of a primary group?
family
Which of the following is not a social institution?
friends
The guesses that scientists make are called _________.
hypotheses
Mores are ______
important norms that constrain moral and ethical behavior
According to Durkheim, why do societies actually need deviance?
in order to recognize normal behavior
Thomas Pettigrew's summary of research on attribution theory found that _____
individuals commonly distort the motives and acts of people whom they see as out-group members.
In a society where mechanical solidarity exist ______
individuals share the same values, hold the same things sacred, and frequently play the same roles
A tattoo on a person's face or neck is an example of:
informal deviance
Qualitative research is based on __
interpretive observations
An out-group is all of these except:
is always a secondary group
Emile Durkheim described society as suis generis. This means that society
is greater than the sum of its parts; it is an entity of its own
Regardless of where it is found in the world, culture _______
is shared
The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis suggests that:
language provides the categories through which reality is defined
Sociologists who study the large, more complex patterns of social interactions are using _______
macroanalysis
Robert Merton suggested that human behavior has ______
manifest functions and latent functions
The recommended solution for alcoholism usually involves some type of treatment and possibly hospitalization. In contrast, the issue of crack cocaine is legally punished. The difference may be explained by the fact that alcoholism has been:
medicalized
Research on discrimination in housing has found that
members of minority groups are frequently turned down for housing situations in which a white person is not
. Sociologists who study relatively small, less-complex patterns of social interaction are using _____
microanalysis
. Social scientists and others debate whether humanness is naturally occurring or socially created. This is called the _______ debate
nature-nurture
During the "Roaring 20s" Americans consumed more alcohol per person than they did in:
none of these choices
Norms, values, laws, and customs are all examples of _____ culture
nonmaterial
The specific cultural rules for how to behave in a given situation are called _____
norms
while prejudice is an attitude, discrimination is:
overt behavior
A researcher who lives among the homeless in an effort to understand their norms is an example of______
participant observation
the study of date rape has found that:
people with more traditional attitudes are more likely to excuse men of accused date rape
When sociologists conduct surveys or engage in participant observation they are gathering _____
primary data
From the perspective of conflict theorists, social institutions ______
protect the wealth and interests of those in power
Networks based _____ on are especially important in job networks.
race, class, and gender
Anomie, as defined by Durkheim, is frequently referred to as a state of
relative normalness caused by the break down of social influences
A researcher is concerned whether a measure gives consistent results is focused on _____
reliability
Research using the design of a previous study on a different group of people or in a different time or place, is called a _______ study
replication
According to Charles Horton Cooley, the self is formed as we
respond to the expectations that others have for us
The ______ principle states that we categorize people on the basis of what appears initially prominent and obvious about them
salience
The sociological perspective has been described as ____________.
seeing the strange in the familiar AND seeing the general in the particular
Zimbardo's Stanford County Prison study found convincing evidence that abnormal or "inhuman" behavior can be caused by ______
situational factors
Which theoretical paradigm is most closely related to the feminist perspective?
social conflict
Within sociology, the social practices by which groups and individuals within those groups are brought into conformity with dominant social expectations is called ___
social control
W. E. B. DuBois was most interested in which of the following?
social justice
According to this theory of socialization, if a child receives positive reinforcement for a behavior, then she will repeat it
social learning
Sociologists use the term to describe the order established in social groups at any level of society
social organization
Sociological definition of social deviance:
stresses social context, not individual behavior
In their day-to- day lives, most people _____
take the expectations of their culture for granted
What is the most important factor for determining the racial categories within any society?
the beliefs and interest of the most powerful group(s) in society
Durkheim argued that complex societies are held together by the systematic interrelatedness of different tasks. He used the term _______ to refer to this interrelatedness.
the division of labor
A major contribution of Marx to sociology was the understanding of ______
the effects of capitalism on society.
Which of the following was not a condition that led to the development of sociology?
the increasingly important role of religion
The overall purpose of the bureaucratic organization is
to maximize efficiency
"From each according to their ability, to each according to their need" is a guiding statement of ____.
true communism
By definition, groups must be at least ______ people
two
Weber defined verstehen as _____
understanding behavior to which people give meaning
According to research, which of the following is most likely to lead to getting a job?
using a personal network
What is the term for cultural standards that define what is good or valuable?
values
Harriet Martineau was an early sociologist and a British citizen. Her book, Society in America _______
was overlooked for many years
A social psychology experiment showed that religious students walked by a man who had been hurt without stopping to help because they __________.
were distracted by being late to class