chapter 8

Circadian rhythms are

endogenous cycles of activity over the course of a day.

Mirror neurons are highly ______ dependent.

experience

A person who experiences the sleep disorder symptom known as pavor nocturnus would be said to be

experiencing night terrors.

The "ticking" of a clock cell within the SCN appears to involve

feedback loops of intracellular protein production.

Most of the elements of REM sleep are triggered by infusion of ________ into the ________.

glutamate; sublateral dorsal nucleus

The mirror neuron system helps us understand the _______ and _______ of other people allowing us to understand others as ourselves.

goals; actions

You are watching the sleep record of a person whose record contains 85% delta wave activity. Your best guess is that this person is

in stage 4 of slow-wave sleep.

Working on a task that demands high levels of mental activity during the day will

increase glucose metabolism in the frontal lobes.

A full day of tourist activities at an amusement park would be expected to

increase the amount of time spent that night in slow-wave sleep.

The notion that REM sleep functions to promote brain development is supported by the finding that

infants with well-developed brains spend proportionally less time in REM sleep than infants with poorly developed brains.

An example of nondeclarative memory would be

learning to drive a car.

Seasonal rhythms are under the control of ____ secreted by cells within the ____.

melatonin; pineal gland

Our inability to mimic the motor actions of others depends on ______ neurons within area ______.

mirror; F5

A characteristic of REM sleep includes

muscle paralysis.

The notion that narcolepsy involves faulty brain regulation of sleep is supported by the observation that

narcoleptics generally enter REM sleep directly from the waking state.

Enforced bed rest for 6 weeks resulted in ________ in healthy subjects

no change in sleep patterns

Reaching involves activation of the ______ cortex, which in turn interacts with the ______ cortex.

parietal; frontal

Sleep deprivation in humans results in

perceptual distortions.

Damage to the ventrolateral preoptic area would be expected to

produce insomnia.

the primary function of slow-wave sleep is to

rest the brain.

A buildup of carbon dioxide in the blood is a characteristic of the sleep disorder known as

sleep apnea.

Nightmares that are particularly terrifying occur during ________ sleep.

stage 4 of slow-wave

REM-ON neurons are located within the ________, whereas REM-OFF neurons are located within the ________

sublateral dorsal nucleus; ventrolateral PAG

The predictable changes in blood flow to the male genitals that occur during ________ can be a useful clinical indicator of ________.

REM sleep; impotence

Recent research suggests that ________ sleep is important for ________ memory.

REM; nondeclarative

Damage to the rat ____ would be expected to disrupt circadian rhythms.

SCN

Which of the following is true of sleeping medications?

Sleeping pills can lead to daytime hangovers.

Narcolepsy is predominantly a problem involving

an attack of sleep during the day.

A person who exhibits sudden paralysis but remains conscious may be suffering from

an episode of cataplexy.

The symptoms of REM sleep behavior disorder are exaggerated by administration of

antidepressant drugs.

The human body _____ actions before you perform them.

. anticipates

The anterior intraparietal sulcus is important for our ability to

. grasp an object.

Chronic sleep deprivation can lead to

. obesity and diabetes.

The primary function of stage 4 of slow-wave sleep is to

. rest the brain.

Deprivation of REM sleep on one night results in an elevated amount of REM sleep on the following night. This rebound phenomenon suggests that

. there is a physiological need for a certain amount of REM sleep.

In a particular study; it took babies _____ days to begin looking at mouths while anticipating a feeding.

193

Advance sleep phase syndrome is associated with a mutation on chromosome ________ that results in an abnormal ________ protein.

2; per2

About ________ percent of the population experiences insomnia as a persistent problem while ________ percent experiences this on occasion.

9; 25

Which of the following is a reason as to why sleep stage 4 is considered to be the deepest sleep stage?

A person who awakes from stage 4 is groggy and confused.

________ neurons play a key role in cerebral activation during alert wakefulness.

Acetylcholine

_____would be expected to promote wakefulness

Activation of hypocretin neurons

Which of the following is true of human sleep cycles?

As the night goes on, the relative length of REM sleep increases in each successive cycle.

Which of the following is true of melanopsin?

Melanopsin is found within ganglion cells.

_____ neurons assists us in mimicking the motor actions of others.

Mirror

________ will occur soon after the appearance of rapid eye movements in the sleep record.

Paradoxical sleep

A ________ is a stimulus that resets an internal biological clock.

a. zeitgeber

The occurrence of sleep attacks in narcolepsy can be alleviated by drugs that

act as catecholamine agonists.

Caffeine promotes wakefulness because it is a(n)

adenosine antagonist.

The metabolism of glycogen within astrocytes produces ________, which in turn promotes ________.

adenosine; slow-wave sleep

A key function of ventral premotor cortex is to

allow primates to use visual cues to imitate the motor actions of others.

The various stages of sleep are easily distinguished by

changes in the electrical activity of the brain.

The mood change and cognitive dysfunctions associated with jet lag and shift work can be reduced by

consumption of melatonin.

The disorder known as ________ shares common attributes (symptoms as well as treatments) with those of narcolepsy.

depression

The "on" portion of the flip-flop mechanism for REM sleep is located within the

dorsal pons.

Neural activity in the suprachiasmatic nuclei tissue from rats is

e. higher during the day and lower at night.

Which of the following treatments in rats would be expected to increase locomotion and to enhance the amount of cortical arousal evident in an EEG record?

electrical stimulation of the raphe nuclei

The capacity of circuits involving the vlPOA and the locus coeruleus, raphe nuclei, and dorsal pons to show mutual inhibition may result in

the alternation between sleep and waking.

Sleep-related eating disorder can be triggered by

the sleeping pill zolpidem.

The observation that a person's brain shows beta wave activity is not a reliable indicator of being awake because

this brain wave pattern also appears during sleep.