PKG 432 Exam 3
What is automation?
"the use of computerized or programmable machines to handle industrial work"
What are the different types of labeling classifications?
* Package Location. * Wrap Around Labels. * Pressure Sensitive Labels. * Heat Sensitive Labels. * Shrink sleeve. * Stretch sleeve
Efficiency math problems
***
RFID data fields
- 96 bit memory - Electronic product code (EPC)
What are some common industries for industrial robots?
- Applications - Automotive - Chemicals - Consumer products - Disk drives - Electronics - Food - General manufacturing - Machine tools - Medical devices - Pharmaceuticals - Plastics - Semi-conductors
What are some common tamper band defects?
- Broken Bridges - Bullnose - Shallow Thread - Wing-Out -Untucked TE Ring
Foreign object x-ray for packaging is All About the X-Ray Absorption Characteristics of the:
- Contaminant - Product - Container
What kind of empty bottle inspection can a vision system perform?
- Finish Inspection - Thread Inspection - Base Inspection - Sidewall Inspection (Inner and Outer) Scuff - Detection - Detection of Transparent Objects Residual - Liquid Detection
What kinds of things can x-rays detect during a full inspection?
- Glass, PET, Metal Cans - Full Cases, Tray/Shrink - Detects Missing Containers - Detects Underfilled Containers - Detects Containers Laying on Top or Between Rows - Flap Detection
passive tags
- RFID tags with no battery attached - Obtain operating power from the reader - Lighter, less expensive and live almost forever
Types of robots that have different work envelopes?
- Rectangular coordinate robot -Cylindrical coordinate robot - Spherical coordinate robot - Articulated arm robot - Gantry robot - SCARA robot
When the label inspection is performed on the line, what characteristics result from this?
- Removes Risk of Cameras Within Labeler - Faster Changeovers - More Complex to Operate and Troubleshoot - Takes Up Conveyor Space
What are some reasons industrial robots are used?
- Robots can repeat the same operation repeatedly, with minimal error. - Robots aren't susceptible to health risks, or injuries. - They can work in almost any environment, such as hazardous or chemically toxic environments. - Some industries require containment free zones, robots don't have contaminants such as dirt or oil (as long as they are kept up and in good condition). - Robots transport objects to and from different locations repeatedly without tiring.
(Safeguarding robotics in pkg) What are some robotic packaging applications for safeguarding?
- Safeguarding a robotic palletizer - Safeguarding an inspection station
What are the more difficult ways to inspect a label?
- Vertical Position - Skewed Label - Horizontal Position - Incorrect Label / Label Verification
What is coercivity
- measures how strong a magnetic field must be to affect stripe data - higher the coercivity the stronger the field
Redundancy
- multiple machines instead of one high capacity machine
proper size for accumulators
- one minute of line capacity -should be able to clear jams in 1 minute -maximize size that will fit in floor space - 2 accumulators better than 1
High Level Case Palletizers
- pallet starts at floor level - loaded cases enter from conveyor at high level (5-7 ft above floor) - collect cases from conveyor -arrange cases into layers with proper pattern - lift stack to add layer on pallet
Besides labeling, what other ways is RFID utilized?
- pets -> if you loose your pet and it is found, they scan the RFID implanted in the animal to find the owner - doors-> doors can be opened with RFID - Vaults-> vaults where only employees with implanted RFID can enter - Medical condition-> family in Florida with medical conditions, so when they are taken to the hospital, their RFIDs are scanned and the doctors know how to treat them
What are the different components for a pick and place robot?
- rover - end effector - actuator - sensor - controller
What are the 2 differences between stretch and shrink sleeves?
- shrink sleeves -> completely covers the bottle, and typically has a tamper evident feature - Stretch sleeves -> shoulders and heels on the bottom are slightly larger to prevent the label from slipping down
case loading systems
- top loading - bottom loading - side loading
What other inspections besides level filling can vision systems perform?
-Cap Presence -Cocked Cap -High-Cap Tamper Band Integrity
Applications for iR palletizing
-Cases (plastic, metal or aluminum cartons) - bags (rice, corn, animal feed) -full layer (40-60 cases/min)
stretch film types
-PVC -LLDPE -LDPE
Schneider & Industrial Manufacturing
-Pick and place - Can add machine vision to robotic arm
End of line operations
-Secondary packaging - case packing - palletizing and unitizing -coding
What is a fixed aisle storage retrieval systems AS/RS?
1 or more aisles framed on both sides by high density storage racks. Automatically stored and retrieved used computer control via crane
Goals for AIDC technologies
1) Eliminate errors associated with identification and/or data collection 2) accelerate the throughput process
What are the steps in the shrink sleeve process?
1. printing a continous roll 2. run it through a machine that folds the film in half 3. gets sealed -> long flat tube 4. can be cut into individual labels or left as a tube 5. photos are taken to make sure print is good and quality control
What is the x-ray absorption of water and food products?
1.0 PD
What are 3 attributes of stretch sleeves
100% recyclable moisture proof highly resistant to sunlight
RF frequencies
125kHz, 13.56 MHz, 915 MHz, and 2.4 GHz - as you move up in frequency, tag and reader costs increase
AGVs have been around since ___
1953
The First X-Ray Fill Level Gauge was developed in
1998
What is a vertical lift module AS/RS?
2 vertical parallel shafts divided into shelf storage locations. Works like an elevator device (travels up and down).
(Voortman robots) This second robot picks up ___ 2-packs at a time, loading ___ 2-packs into ___ cartons using lightly-pinching fingers to make the transfer.
20 five four
(Safeguarding robotics in pkg) The new robotic developments, as well as their more intuitive programming, have increased the use of robotics from only ___ percent in 2008 to ___ percent today
20 75
(Safeguarding robotics in pkg) A total of ____ robots valued at ___ billion were shipped to companies in North American in 2013
22,591 $1.39 billion
Down time =
24 hours - shift time
What temperature is required for shrink sleeves in transportation?
30 to 80 degrees F- ideally below 70 degrees F
For label inspection, the Software Evaluates how many Separate Images?
4
What is the industry productivity index based on the PMMI study?
72.3
(Voortman robots) Installed in early 2013, the three- axis, three-robot cartoning system can reliably and accurately fill and seal up to ____ cookie cartons per minute.
75
What is the definition of a robot according to the society of mechanical engineers (SME)?
A programmable, multifunctional manipulator designed to move material, parts, tools, or specialized devices through variable programmed motions for the performance of a variety of tasks. -Robocop - peter wheler - statue of him in Detroit
With the help of ____, the packaging companies can safely and easily transport the product with minimal to no damage.
AGVs
Capacitive measurement was developed for what industry?
Beer
What is a multi-axis articulated robot?
Can have up to six axes, with joints that can rotate in any direction
How much capacity (in aluminum cans) does a large accumulator have?
Capacity for ~2800+ aluminum cans.
How much capacity (in aluminum cans) does a small accumulator have?
Capacity for ~290 aluminum cans.
For label inspection, the Software Must Perform ___ Operation
Centering
___ and ____ are usually planned downtime, while ___ are typically unplanned downtime.
Changeover and Maintenance = planned stoppages = unplanned
These are the 3 main causes of downtime:
Changeover, Maintenance, and Stoppages.
What is a vertical carousel AS/RS?
Closed loop controlled rotation of the basic storage unit, uses shelves that can be subdivided into multiple bin locations
What is the example used for digital printing?
Coke bottle promotion - you could buy a six pack w/ you name on it pharma companies that allow doctors to customize medicine labels
____ , both foreign and domestic, is pushing manufacturers to reduce costs and improve productivity.
Competition
What is the only workable approach to determining accumulator location and size?
Computer Modeling and Simulation
What is a horizontal carousel AS/RS?
Connected to either a floor or overhead mounted drive to form a horizontal loop around the storage area
CMB
Contact memory button
___ are demanding more variety.
Customers
(Voortman robots) Armed and functional: ____ distinguish same base model of robots
End effectors
T/F Label Cannot Be Performed On-Conveyor
F
T/F Robots do not use a vision system
F
T/F There are machines that can run at 100% efficiency
F
T/F Vision systems are more complex than x-ray.
F
T/F X-ray has a different radiation from gamma rays
F
T/F There are a limited amount of pressure sensitive label application techniques
F - Several application techniques.
T/F AS/RS does not have many advantages
F- provides many advantages
What is a scara robot?
Fixed-base robots with three vertical-axis (horizontal-motion) rotary arms
What was used as an example of an in-mold label?
Folgers
What is the rule of GIGO?
GIGO - garbage in, garbage out if you don't test the software, then the software lacks exactness you only make assumptions for the program
What is the example used for robots replacing forklift drivers?
GM now has robots instead of fork lift drivers to unload the trucks and delivery units to the line for JIT delivery
(What is a robot) What are three popular internal sensors?
Gyro Accelerometer Temperature
(Safeguarding robotics in pkg) According to the 2014 study, respondents anticipate robotics will redefine manufacturing operations, due to:
Hygienic improvements will allow direct contact with food Spatial awareness will enable workers to be safely located adjacent to the robot Advancements in vision sensors will result in greater precision and handling—including the ability to sort by color and three- dimensional analysis Faster speeds and heavier lifting capabilities will mean increased productivity
In a ideal world, the key machine approach increases .... and decreases....
Increases the probability of adequate supply to the key machine. Decreases the probability of blockage of output from the key machine.
____ _____ is probably the major benefit of minimal downtime.
Inventory reduction
What are the costs of downtime?
Inventory. Lost production capacity. Employee costs.
What is a pick and place end effector?
It is the body connected to the last joint of the rover which is used for the purpose of gripping or handling objects. It can be an analogy to the arm of a human being.
What is a pick and place rover?
It is the main body of the robot consisting of several rigid bodies like a cylinder or a sphere, joints and links. It is also known as a manipulator.
What is a pick and place controller?
It is used to control the actuators based on the sensor feedback and thus control the motion of each and every joint and eventually the movement of the end effector
What was the TED talk about robots about?
Kiva, now owned by Amazon, created a robot system that brings the products to the worker placing them in the boxes, so the worker does have to walk around and search for it
What is the easiest way to inspect a label?
Label Absence/Presence
(What is a robot) What are three popular external sensors?
Light Sensor Contact Sensor Proximity Sensor
(Calculate Overall Equipment Effectiveness) What are the three components of effectiveness. Effectiveness is:
Making the right thing - the right product or SKU at the right speed (Performance) Making it the right way - no rework, no defects, no waste (Quality) Making it at the right time - producing as planned, keeping the machine up and running, minimizing time losses (Availability)
First AGVS was a "___" tow truck that had been used in factories for years
Man-Aboard
In order to reduce plant operation costs, you need to:
Maximize production runs (uptime), where possible, and Minimize Changeover, Maintenance, and Stoppages.
What does megavision do?
Megavision will look at something with different light frequencies - so you get different feedback from the frequencies and the input is put together
What 3 ways can uptime be maximized?
Minimize production time used for Maintenance: Monitor the ongoing production process. Minimize stoppage time
(Calculate Overall Equipment Effectiveness) Is OEE a nice to have?
No - it is a simple yet powerful roadmap that helps production floor people and management to visualize and eliminate equipment losses and waste.
On a x-ray fill level, No radioactive material = ...
No Disposal Costs
(Calculate Overall Equipment Effectiveness) What does OEE stand for?
Overall Equipment Effectiveness
(Calculate Overall Equipment Effectiveness) What is the practical definition of OEE?
Overall Equipment Effectiveness of a defined production process during the defined operative period or mode in which all activities related to production, personnel and inputs are accounted for during all producing or dependent activities within a defined scheduled time or operative mode time.
Stretch sleeves are made of ___
PE
What are three power sources for robots?
POWER SOURCES 1) Hydraulic 2) Pneumatic 3) Electrical
______ in packaging is key, industrial robots are relied on to keep it high.
PRODUCTIVITY
How is employee costs affected by downtime?
People get paid for standing/sitting around. This expense does not stop for downtime.
(What is a robot) _____ robots for the home have become a reality, with the introduction of the Roomba vacuum cleaner and the RoboMower grass cutter
Personal
What is the final step in x-ray detection of a foreign object?
Picture Evaluated by Human Vision (Vision Software)
What is the fourth step in x-ray detection of a foreign object?
Picture is Made of the X-Rays that Pass Through
downtime is often considered to be broken into 2 parts:
Planned Downtime and Unplanned Downtime.
How is gamma radiation fill level produced?
Produced by the decay of radioactive material
Intelligent palletizing by fanuc
R-2000 iB/100H -heavy payload - cost effective - six axis flexibility -iR vision
RFID
Radio Frequency Identification
When doing label inspection, Containers Presented in ___ Orientation
Random
How does vision level filling work?
References Closure Height From Neck Ring On Bottle
What is the example used for robots entering dangerous areas?
Robots and drones are currently used to investigate the Fukushima area since it is highly radioactive
Why are palletizing robots more flexible than standard palletizers?
Robots can be designed with one or more specialized grippers allowing them to hold and move irregular- shaped goods, such as automobile tires, which can't be handled by standard palletizers and de-palletizers.
How have robots changed in terms of product orientation and location?
Robots used to always need products oriented in a certain way in a certain location. Now the machines have vision so it can locate and orient itself. It is good for asymmetrical products
If the x-ray detection system false reject rate is more than 0.10%, then ...
Run 1,000 Good Containers 1 Will Be Rejected Falsely
If the x-ray detection system false reject rate is more than 1.0%, then ...
Run 1,000 Good Containers 10 Will Be Rejected Falsely
_____ in packaging has also been maximized by robotics in the industrial field, the decreased numbers of health issues and injuries for humans are due to the use of these robots.
SAFETY
What does SMILE stand for?
Setup Minimization to Improve Line Efficiency
What are the two types of accumulators?
Small size (around 4' x 4') Large size (around 10' x 14')
What are the benefits to the key machine approach
Smaller capacity machines Lower capital expense Less floor space required
What are the 3 types of package location labels?
Spot labels. Cut labels. Roll labels.
What example was used to introduce the robotics chapter?
Spot the robot dancing to uptown funk
When monitoring ongoing production processes, ____ may be used to tell when parts are about to wear out or need replacing.
Statistical Process Control (SPC)
(Calculate Overall Equipment Effectiveness) T/F 'Today I ran at a takt time of 1.5 seconds' and "today I ran 40 products per minute" is the same thing
T
(Calculate Overall Equipment Effectiveness) T/F OEE has been around for decades in its elemental form
T
T/F Changeover times vary widely
T
T/F Container and label(s) should be carefully aligned.
T
T/F During downtime, there is NO production
T
T/F Gamma radiation passes through all materials
T
T/F Robots are often much cheaper and better buys than using manual labor
T
T/F Stationary machines can be bolted to the walls or ceilings
T
T/F There are many areas of inspection on packaging lines
T
T/F There is NO known way to determine the best size or location for a accumulator, analytically.
T
T/F X-ray specifications are sometimes hard to interpret
T
T/F You do not want to store shrink sleeves in warehouses
T
T/F efficiency varies from day to day
T
T/F the sensitivity of the capacitive measurement depends on the product
T
(Voortman robots) What does the third Sigpack TTM robot do?
The carton is glued and the third robot closes the lid, seals it and places it onto a takeaway conveyor.
What is the example used in describing movie robots vs real life?
The exoskeletons in the movie avatar are used in real life in the military
(Voortman robots) What does the first Sigpack TTM robot do?
The first one picks the carton blanks from the supply magazine, erects them and then places them onto the loading section of the conveyor.
What are work envelope's?
The range of motion over which a robot arm can move. Point in space that the end effector can reach
What is a pick and place sensor?
They are used to sense the internal as well as the external state to make sure the robot functions smoothly as a whole. Sensors involve touch sensors, IR sensor etc.
What is the issue with container positioning?
Timing of package and label is an issue.
Stationary machines are used to...
To pick up and manipulate parts.
For label inspection, the Software Assembles the Images ____
Together
What are end effectors?
Tools attached to the arms of the robots to carry out various tasks depending on need.
What company owned the robots playing instruments?
Toyota
What are 3 machines can be used to maximize uptime?
Use Accumulators and Conveyors. Update the Controls. Consider if a new(er) machine is appropriate for this need.
(Calculate Overall Equipment Effectiveness) What does VA stand for?
Value added
(Calculate Overall Equipment Effectiveness) What does VE stand for
Value enabling
Why are AS/RS used?
Warehouses are required to process increasingly complex tasks and provide reliable reports on inventory, automatic storage and retrieval systems make this a effortless task
What example was used in lecture relating to Clarkes work on robots?
Worked on making a case that would be used on the NASA space station. The critical spare parts were stored on the roof, so a robot was built to grab those parts to decrease the amount of time and effort it takes
What is the first step in x-ray detection of a foreign object?
X-Rays Pass Through Entire Arm (Container)
What is a working envelope?
a 3-dimenionsal area where the robot can operate
(Calculate Overall Equipment Effectiveness) What is quality?
a fraction that is 1 minus the waste (waste and rework)
For the Gamma principle, a correctly filled container will have ___ energy in the fill level area
absorb
What does accumulating downstream mean?
accumulator is behind the key machine
What does accumulating upstream mean?
accumulator is in front of the key machine
For an AS/RS, ____ is critical
accuracy
What is the ratio for efficiency of a single machine?
actual time worked/theoretical time worked
Pick and place robots are used in what industries?
all industries Food/Beverage, Consumer Personal Care, Pharmaceutical, Automotive, Electronics, etc.
In lean manufacturing, excess inventory is eliminated using AS/RS robots because ...
all inventory is recorded and placed in specific areas
(What is a robot) Fixed robots are those which are ____ to a point and use manipulators such as arms to complete tasks
anchored
(What is a robot) The selection of the end effector is dependent on the ___ of the robot
application
large size accumulators
around 10' x 14' (2800
(Calculate Overall Equipment Effectiveness) Planned events can be defined....
as those events in which no output of saleable product results and which management has control over the timing and extent of the activity; mandates them or the country's regulations define part or all of them.
AGVS are used in packaging companies in order to ...
assist with distributing the products
(Voortman robots) On the sugar wafer line, the lowering movement, the blank is formed tightly around the product collation and transferred into the ____ with flight bars.
case chain
(Voortman robots) On the sugar wafer line, once the product is collated, the layer table lifts the product into the product infeed ____
cassette
How did RFID change overtime?
changed RFID to have the labels printed before they are applied and can be changed just by changing the code
RFID used to cost a lot of money and time due to _____
changeover
(Safeguarding robotics in pkg) A one-size-fits-all safety solution will no longer work for the next generation of packaging machines. A variety of devices should be considered, such as to ensure robots are ....
completely secure and to reduce disruption to production.
What is an automated guided vehicle (AGVs)?
computer controlled, no man power is needed in order to operate. They follow lasers on the floor and operate in order to lift heavy loads.
(Voortman robots) The carton materials for the Sigpack TTM can be made of ___ or ____
corrugated or, as at Voortman, paperboard.
For all applications robotic palletizers outperform standard palletizers based on ...
cost, ease of use, flexibility, floor space taken up, and reliability.
In the enforcement and security fields, robots are said to be the new uses in safety. As of today, robots are already being used for ___, ___, and ___. This is one of the newest applications of robotics.
dangerous and hazardous tasks such as bomb disposal, hostage recovery and search and rescue operations
(What is a robot) The majority of robots are to be found in industries such as car manufacturing, where they are used to do tasks that would otherwise be ___, ____, or ___ for people.
dangerous, difficult or tedious
magnetic stripe problems
data robustness - means data is susceptible to damage by magnetic fields -measure of COERCIVITY
Storage ___ is an important factor for AS/RS- space constraints
density
(Calculate Overall Equipment Effectiveness) A partial recall will only deal with the loss of the defined Lot or Batch within the total, but will ___ the OEE for that period considerably.
depress
What is the Robonaut designed for?
designed for production line and NASA
What is an end effector?
device attached to a robotic wrist to perform a specific task
(Voortman robots) Case-size changeovers are made with the help of spindles with ____ scales
digital display
If the plant is running near capacity (peak season), this loss may be impossible to make up.
downtime
Prior to the 1980s, the ___ and ___ of robotics delayed adoption by industry.
economics and hardware capability
(Calculate Overall Equipment Effectiveness) If your machine or system is capable of making 100 quality products an hour, and it makes only 70, then it is 70% ____,
effective
Industrial robots uses need to be done ___, ____, and ___
efficiently, accurately and quickly
When using vision systems, the container is easily detected when ____
empty
(What is a robot) In robotics, the tool or attachment at the end of a robotic arm is called an ______
end effector
(What is a robot) The largest growth area in robotics over the last 10 years has been ___ and _____
entertainment and education
To keep manufacturing costs to a minimum, you want to ___ production runs to ____ the cost per unit.
extend minimize
(Voortman robots) We have found over the years that loading systems, whether manual or automatic, are more '_____,' if you will and don't have an ___ that's as good as with robotics
finicky efficiency
The package must be held ___ during application of the label
firmly
(What is a robot) Robots can be divided into two categories:
fixed mobile
Infrared photocell is not suitable for ___ products
foamy
X-ray machines have a generally large ____
footprint
(Voortman robots) A final compression station ensures maximum _____ and optimum _____
glue adhesion case alignment
An automatic storage and retrieval system brings ____ to the desired _____
goods person/area.
What is the rule of GIGO useful for?
great for trend analysis
An end effector may be capable of ___, ___, and ___ parts/items.
gripping, lifting, and releasing
What was the labeling example using Jose cuervo?
has many labels: front label, bottom label (notch on the bottom of the bottom so it is aligned), back label, closure label, hanging label, and a gift pack attached that has three labels
Robots for packaging were initially used for _____
heavy work.
(Calculate Overall Equipment Effectiveness) High OEE numbers are indicative of ____ and _____
high schedule fulfillment and optimized labor
Efficiency is typically ____ at lower speed settings
higher
Delta and scara machines are typically ___ while articulated are ____
horizontal vertical
Vision level filling compensates for changing bottle heights for___ products
hot filled
(What is a robot) Robot modeled on a human, often referred to as a ____
humanoid
Originally, RFID was made and coded _____
immediately
Maybe the underlying problem is not the cameras or calibration; it could be the _____.
information network
When detecting low density foreign object, you can use ___ light
infrared
(Calculate Overall Equipment Effectiveness) Any scheduling and labor considerations are considered ____ within OEE
integrated
(What is a robot) There are two main types of sensors:
internal external
(Calculate Overall Equipment Effectiveness) What is OEE?
it is the rate between what a machine theoretically could produce and what it actually did. the product or cost function or interplay of all availability or uptime of the operative mode multiplied by the performance or actual resultant production speed (from actual dialled rate and ramping rates) divided by the normal or steady state speed and then multiplied by the quality or the output of quality product divided by the input of the critical component or aggregate of all the inputs (components consumed, lost, reworked, destroyed or unaccounted for during the production process)
What are wrap around labels?
labels that wrap completely around container with edges glued -common on metal cans
____ are used to direct an AGV system
lasers
For the Gamma principle, a correctly filled container will have ___ energy pass through the receiver
less
RFID now has limited ____ and quick ____
limited inventory and quick changeover
In the automotive industry, robotic machines are used to ___, ____, ___, and ____
load, assemble, cut/slice & paint.
(Calculate Overall Equipment Effectiveness) Although OEE could be done on a machine-by-machine or product-by-product basis or shift-by-shift bases it is usually the amalgamation of one week's or one month's production of a given size and product (by machine or line), because...
looking at smaller slices may not give statistically relevant data for decision making.
Adding another independent machine or multiple independent machines to an existing line will ALWAYS ___ the line efficiency
lower
(What is a robot) Many examples of fixed robots can be found in _____ where they are used for a variety of purposes, such as spray painting, welding, assembly and quality control
manufacturing
What is MIT currently doing with RFID labels?
marketting RFID that goes on food products that will warn you if there is any microorganisms
What are some examples of end effectors?
mechanical grippers (fingers) vacuum grippers (flat surfaces) vacuum suckers (small parts, threads) magnetic grippers (for ferrous metals) pneumatic grippers (variable force requirements) hydraulic grippers (high force requirements)
What material does the capacitive measurement not work through?
metal
Wrap around labels are common for what package?
metal cans
Much of the cost of robotics going down was due to the development of ____ which provided inexpensive "intelligence".
microprocessors
(Calculate Overall Equipment Effectiveness) What are secondary machines?
minor unit ops that convey, manipulate, collate, inspect, code or mark the package such as conveyors, combiners, dividers (when separate from a primary unit op), coders (laser, inkjet, impression, etc.), checkweighers, X-ray, Gamma inspection, independent fill, cap or label detection, rejection units (independent of the major unit op, etc.
An in-mold label is put in the ___ prior to plastic injection
mold
For the Gamma principle, a under filled container will have ___ energy pass through the receiver
more
(What is a robot) Mobile robots are designed to ____ around their environment using one or more wheels, legs, or tracks, depending on the intended operating surface.
move
(What is a robot) Robotics is a _____ field
multi-disciplinary
How do you determine the line efficiency?
multiple the efficiencies of all the machines
(Voortman robots) There have been ___ upgrades to the Demaurex system over that time, even for firmware
no
For the Gamma principle, a under filled container will have ___ energy in the fill level area
no
(Calculate Overall Equipment Effectiveness) If your machine or system is capable of making 100 quality products an hour, and it makes only 70, then it is 70% effective, but we do not know how efficient it was, because ....
nothing is said about what we had to put in (how many operators, energy, materials, etc.) to get the 70% effectiveness.
specialized secondary equipment
o Banding - Newspapers - Multipacks o Taping - Pharmaceuticals o Hi-cones - Beverages
pallets and palletizing
o Different types, sizes, and materials o One way shipments versus reusable configurations o Don't really need a structural pallet for shipments - Slip sheets - Side grip forklifts - Almost all pallets removed from air freight - Many pallets removed from ocean freight - Takes up too much usable shipping space
When scheduling and planning changeovers, ensure the 4 following things:
o Have appropriate personnel available and prepared. o Have all required parts available and prepared. o Have and keep a record of machine settings. o Use machinery automatic changeover ,where available.
case packing
o Individual shipping container - Knocked down, folded - Manufacturers joint formed - Flat (die cut) blanks - open the folded structure or begin to form case -load product - close and seal case
(Safeguarding robotics in pkg) A _____ safety solution will no longer work for the next generation of packaging machines.
one-size-fits-all
(Voortman robots) The Sigpack TTM system also accommodates a range of package formats, including an ....
open tray, a tuck-in tray and other formats.
OMC
optical memory card
(Voortman robots) On the sugar wafer line, the product is conveyed from the ____ into a _____ at the infeed of the case packer where the wrapped packs are ....
overwrapper - collator collated and built one layer at a time on a lowerator section until the proper count is reached
The first two Sigpack TTM robots are positioned in ___ across from each other.
parallel
(Voortman robots) Supplied through Charles Downer & Co. Ltd. by Bosch Packaging Systems, then known as Sigpack, does what?
performs primary packaging pick-and-placement of baked and cooled cookies on another line
Heat sensitive labels are used for what products?
pharmaceuticals
More recently, robots for packaging are used for... However, they still plenty of ___
pick and place operations, machine vision and control. heavy work
(Calculate Overall Equipment Effectiveness) For simplicity and order, the downtime of any machine or system can be divided into two parts -
planned downtime events and unplanned downtime events.
(Voortman robots) On the sugar wafer line, as the chain moves, the flaps are ....
plowed shut
In reality, Machines may not perform at the .... and the machines of the desired capacity may not be ____.
predicted efficiency or capacity. available
Why do pharmaceutical companies store their labels in a secured room?
prevents counterfeiting
Vision Systems are widely used in factory automation to ensure ____, increase ____ and reduce _____.
product quality production efficiency manufacturing costs
In the industrial manufacturing scene, engineers are coming up with new ways to increase and improve ____ as seen in the automotive industries, as an example.
productivity
(Safeguarding robotics in pkg) In order to achieve enhanced efficiency, streamline production and maximize the bottom line with robots, safety measures will be vital to _____ and to keep _____
protecting operations against unexpected shutdowns and to keep workers safe.
If machines of desired capacity are not available...
purchase next larger machine or purchase multiples of the same (smaller) machine
Pressure sensitive labels are supplied on roll with a ___ backing.
quick release
What type of transportation is recommended for shrink sleeves?
refrigerated trucks
(Voortman robots) Heikamp feels that all-electronic robotics are the best machines for packaging because they are ___, ____, and ____
reliable, accurate and forgiving
(Safeguarding robotics in pkg) Safe controllers provide an integrated approach to ___ ____ by managing the operation of multiple safety devices
risk reduction
(What is a robot) A ___ is a machine, usually equipped with arms, wheels, or legs that operates automatically.
robot
To cut costs, ___ have been the best way to keep costs low, providing safe, accurate work.
robotics
(Safeguarding robotics in pkg) As advancements in robotic technology continue to grow, packaging operations will require additional _____ methodologies
safeguarding
(Voortman robots) Some menus are password-protected for ____ reasons.
safety
(Safeguarding robotics in pkg) When safeguarding a robotic palletizer, there are several ____ functions, involving...
safety communicating the safety device status to operators.
(Safeguarding robotics in pkg) A one-size-fits-all safety solution will no longer work for the next generation of packaging machines. A variety of devices should be considered, such as ....
safety controllers, safety light curtains and safety laser scanners
STS
satellite tracking systems
AGV technology is used in what current robotics?
self driving cars
The Capacitive measurement for fill level Checks for presence of liquid between the ____ and ____
sender and receiver
What is an automatic storage and retrieval system (AS/RS)?
set of equipment and controls that handle, store, retrieve and deliver loads to and from designated locations
(What is a robot) Robots are relatively ____ and are a long way from the robot helpers we see in films such as Star Wars and Wall.e.
simple
How are stretch sleeves applied
sleeves are precut, rolled down, and applied - the natural viscoelasticity of PE pulls the label tight
____conveyors can be used to save space
spiral
(Calculate Overall Equipment Effectiveness) The defined production process is the...
start and end boundary under review such as depalletizing to palletizing or making it through to warehousing.
___ sleeves are the opposite of shrink sleeves
stretch sleeves
When heat sensitive labels are applied, the glues gets ___ when heated.
tack
What would be the best way to determine proper size and location of an accumulator
talking to the operator who uses that line the most
Robonaut 2 is described by the co-creato GM as being the most _____ ____
technologically advanced
Think of SMILE as the ____ of the packaging world
the Indy "pit crew" of the packaging world
(Calculate Overall Equipment Effectiveness) What is cost of quality?
the cost of NOT creating a quality product or service
What brought robots into fruition?
the cost of manual workers exceeded the cost of robotics on an hourly basis.
(Voortman robots) According to Bosch, the Sigpack TTM system is designed for ....
the secondary packaging of virtually any discrete packaged products included bars, tubes and bags
(Calculate Overall Equipment Effectiveness) The production scheduled time is...
the time period in which allotted defined products are to be produced, but process dependent activities or situations must be done or considered beforehand (such as holidays) to ensure the schedule can be met or be reasonable.
Labels are heavy ____ items
theft
the actual output almost never equals the ____ and, as a result, the output is never as ___ as it is planned to be.
theoretical speeds high
Why are heat sensitive labels used for pharmaceuticals?
they are a clean system
(Voortman robots) The Sigpack TTM infeed offers ____ inspection using ____ photoelectric sensors synched to a pneumatic blow-off to prevent any off-spec package from entering the cartoning system
three-dimensional SICK
(Voortman robots) Shiny new packaging systems, including an integrated topload, __________, reinvigorate cookie packaging production at the Voortman Cookies Ltd.
three-robot pick-and-place cartoning system
To calculate the throughput of a second machine on the line, you use the ____ of the first machine
throughout
___ and ____ increase when using robots instead of workers. This is why companies want robots
throughput and productivity
What is the throughput equation for a second machine on the line?
throughput of machine 1 x efficiency
(Calculate Overall Equipment Effectiveness) OEE is purely ___ based
time
In general, the function of a pick- and-place robot is ...
to transfer an item from one location to another
(Voortman robots) Most machine parameters-such as format selection, positions, speeds, timing and glue positions-can be adjusted by the ____
touchscreen
(Voortman robots) The product infeed cassette does what?
transfers the products onto the flat blank that was previously drawn out of a magazine and applied with adhesive from a Nordson hot- melt system.
AS/RS ____, ___, and ___ on every inventory item with up-to-the minute accuracy.
transport, retrieve, and report
(Calculate Overall Equipment Effectiveness) What are primary machines?
unit ops that are capital equipment that has a direct involvement in assembling the package such as unscramblers, rinsers, fillers, cappers, labelers, cartoners, case packers, palletizers, etc.
(Safeguarding robotics in pkg) Robots are expanding ____ ____ _____ functions, like pick and place operations and cartoning applications
upstream primary packaging
Which is more critical - uptime or downtime?
uptime
For an end effector, containment of parts must be assured at maximum ___ changes.
velocity
What is a simple example of an AS/RS?
vending machine The system is able to automatically retrieve and deposit your product from a defined location.
An AS/RS is typically used for ___ volume of loads
very high
(What is a robot) Robot sensors can be compared to our senses of ____, _____, and _____
vision, hearing and touch
For an in-mold label, the label becomes the ____ of the container, compatible with the containers materials
wall
(Calculate Overall Equipment Effectiveness) When talking about waste, we can define or look at many definitions, variations or types of wastage such as:
waste of waiting, over- production, inventory or work-in-process, transport, motion, input defects, producing defective products, unnecessary process steps, delaying
What is actual output?
what occurs with stoppages
What is theoretical output?
what you will set the line to run.
What is the key machine?
where do most of the significant problems occur (roadblock)
All robots have a _____
working envelope
How can you tell if a label is an in-mold label?
you cant feel any variation between the wall and the label
(Calculate Overall Equipment Effectiveness) A total recall in reality yields ___ OEE for the period that produced the recalled product.
zero
(Calculate Overall Equipment Effectiveness) If any asset is removed from the process in such a way as to make the process for a given product not viable then the expected OEE number is considered ____
zero.
An AS/RS can be either a ___ system or ____ system
• A simple system-manually controlled. • Fully automated-completely integrated computer controlled distribution process.
What are some advantages of AGVs
• Able to move about on their own without disrupting the flow of the work environment: they can easily change direction and avoid potential collision. • The systems are built/programmed to be reproducible and effective. The margin of error has been substantially lowered. • The benefits of a robot like this far outweigh the price. • They can lift large loads of material with ease and distribute them as long as the operating system is programmed to allow them to move in a particular path.
What are some common applications for industrial robots?
• Assembly • Dispensing • Inspection • Material handling • Material removal • Packaging • Pick and place • Test handling • Ultrasonic welding
In what ways can product quality be ensured?
• Automate the record keeping process in a QC program. • Reduce the hold on products if there is an incident. • Insure product quality as produced.
What are the different types of end effectors?
• Bag End Effector • Case End Effector • Bag and Case Combo • Pallet Placement • Sheet Placement • Fork Style • Corrugated End Effector • Vacuum End Effector • Custom • Can End Effector • Bag depalletizer • Case Depalletizer
What are the 4 applications of palletizing robots?
• Cases (Plastic, metal or aluminum cartons) • Bags (Rice, corn, animal feed) • Bulk Products • Full Layer (40-60 cases/min)
What are the three critical packaging considerations for pick and place robots?
• Compatibility (Speed of operation, Type and size of product) • Safety Concerns (Regulations, Prevent contamination (ex. food)) • Quality Control (Product count, Damage to product)
What are some AGV safety features
• Emergency Stop button • Bumpers for safely gliding against other obstacles should the robot move off track or find an object in its way. • A fork bumper so as not to damage any of the packaging products.
What are some examples of AGVs?
• Fork - for truck • Tow/Tugger - moving bulky items (up to 20,000 lbs) • Unit Load (uses conveyor or shuttle to transport btwn stands or conveyor pick up/drop off locations)
What are some common perceptions and beliefs about robots?
• Generally anthropomorphized. • Everyday contact. • Extensive capabilities. • Vast information capabilities. • Some "super-human" capabilities
What are the 4 attributes of the R-2000 iB/100H palletizing robot?
• Heavy Payload palletizing & de-palletizing • Cost-Effective • Six axis flexibility • iR Vision
What are the 4 subgroups of AS/RS?
• Horizontal Carousels • Vertical Carousels • Vertical Lift Modules • Fixed-Aisle Storage Retrieval Systems
What things do vision systems do?
• Image acquisitions • Image pre-processing • Feature extractions (Measure a distance, check parts are in place, etc.) • Decisions (Is a part within tolerance? Is label in correct spot?) • Control (Pass results to PLC or robotic controller.)
There are many advantages of incorporating pick-and-place robotics in to packaging operations:
• Increase speed and productivity • Flexibility • Long-term savings
What significance does line efficiency play?
• Increase yields • Increase profitability • Reduce downtime • Reduce line staffing
AS/RS is ideal for: (5)
• Lean Manufacturing • Sustainability • Six Sigma • Kanban • JIT
What are the problems with using vision systems?
• Lighting conditions • Proper calibration • Need computing capabilities • What if things go wrong?
What three things are pick and place robots used in packaging?
• Primary Handling (Insert individual pieces of product into a tray or carton) • Case Packing • Palletization
What are the three reasons why we inspect using vision systems?
• Product Quality • Product Safety • Line Efficiency
What are some issues with vision systems?
• Quality • Precise gauging • All components present • Color requirements • Detecting cracks and scratches • Eliminating false rejects • Production speeds • Waste reduction • Reduce downtime • Quick ROI • Image analysis • Object scanning (caps, print, etc.) • Software • Future
What significance does product safety play?
• Reduce liability • Reduce consumer risk • Increase consumer confidence in the product • HACCP • Can help define corrective actions if critical limit has not been met.
What significance does product quality have?
• Reduced consumer complaints • Can base decision on hard data
What are some advantages in using robots in industrial manufacturing for the environment/worker?
• The environment/workers- workers no longer have to be exposed to hazardous environments and risks: robots handle toxic materials, lift heavy loads without tiring
What are some advantages in using robots in industrial manufacturing for the product?
• The product- industrial robots can perform and be used in many applications that provide accuracy and consistency, thus the quality of products improve.
How AGV systems know where to go, where to stop? etc
• There is laser guidance in the systems both in the vehicle itself and in the flooring upon which it travels. • The wiring sends out a signal from the floor to the vehicle. • Lasers are used so that they robot may triangulate its motions and surroundings (ability to avoid collision and formulate the strongest and most effective path).
There are many possibilities of different end effectors for multiple purposes and applications-
• Welding guns • Grippers • Vacuum pumps • Blow torches • Drills
Industrial machines mostly have been used for assembly jobs that are:
• dirty, • dangerous, • dull, • difficult.
What are some examples of industrial robots?
• welding, • tire/wheel assembly, • stacking pallets, • unloading specialized trucks.
Benefits to robot packaging in industrial setting...
•Improve production •Increase productivity •Decrease waste •Lower injury/health risks
matrix codes
-have higher density capability for the same surface area for other ID types - can be scanned in any orientation - matrix made in cellular pattern that is square, circular, or hexagonal - enables reading of partially damaged symbols
Hydraulic
-high power to size ratio -large forces -fluid leaks, fire hazards, noise
Stretch wrap advantages
-lower energy use - safer -good for cold environments
Biometric Identification
-range of technologies that verify or recognize identity based on unique physical characteristics -used as means of authentication when primary means of identification, such as a card, is presented
Automated guidance system
-sensors on the bottom of truck search for magnetic field to follow (created thru wires)
What are the hardware for RFID
-tags - readers with antennae (internal or external) - host computer - software
magnetic stripe
-uses magnetic medium to encode stored data - data stored by altering the polarity of tiny magnets embedded in resin coating - Rotates poles to get a binary code
How to select the appropriate machine capacity
1) Increase capacity of each machine in downstream direction 2) Key machine approach to line planning
Types of card technologies (3)
- magnetic stripe - smart cards - optical memory cards
Auto ID Technologies Categories
-RFID -Bar codes - 2D Bar codes -voice and vision systems -OCR -Biometrics -Card Technologies (magnetic stripe & smart card)
what are the types of secondary packaging?
-Wraps -Cartons -Banding and tape - Bags - Multiple primary packages in a bag or pouch - Candy -Wraps and bundles - Books, magazines - Bars of bath soap
Small size accumulators
-around 4' x 4' (290 Al cans)
Stretch Film Applications
-bundling -labeling -tamper evidence
electric
-clean, no contamination, low noise -limited force development
purpose of secondary packaging
-consolidation/bundling -barrier properties - appearamce - tamper evidence
Auto ID Overview
-describes the identification or direct collection of data into a computer system, PLC, or micro-processor without using a keyboard
What three industries are common targets of counterfeit
food, pharma, cosmetics
What was the news article regarding the kilogram about?
it is leaving the physical realm scientists are changing the definition of what a kilogram is - they want to use a formulation to measure the size of 1 kg
(Safeguarding robotics in pkg) According to "Trends in Robotics Market Assessment 2014," more manufacturing companies are investing in robotic technology because of....
its impact on creating new jobs, greater safety and increased productivity.
(Voortman robots) On the sugar wafer line, the second layer is brought on top of the first layer by the help of a _____.
layer sheet
AS/RS robots are good for ____ manufacturing
lean
To minimize stoppage time, have a plan in place (Plan for Failure) to fix jams, breakages, machine failures where you know:
o Know Who is going to do the work. o Know What needs to be done o Knows When something needs to be done o Know Where the work is being done.
palletizing systems
o Manual o Robotic o Automatic palletizer (low or high level)
pallet load configurations
o Many candidate patterns ♣ Size ♣ Weight ♣ Shape ♣ Constraints o Allowable voids o Support of slats on bottom package
pallets and palletizing
o Pallets - Horizontal platforms o Weight may be between 50 and 75 lbs for a 48' x 40" wooden pallet o One way - Softwood, cheap o Returnable - Hardwood, more expensive o Leasing pallets - Minimize upkeep and care
cartoners
o Paperboard cartons - Beverage o Paperboard trays
What is the solution to not having a machine of the desired capacity available? What is the downside of this?
o Purchase the next larger or purchase multiples of the same (smaller) machine. o Decreases the System Efficiency.
stretch bundler
o Ring wrapper - Bundle xmas tree o Slow speed o Good for long items - Ladders - Ironing boards
In what 2 ways can Maintenance production time be minimized ?
o Schedule maintenance during "off hours". o Schedule regular maintenance activities. Inspections. Replacement of items. Lights, clutches, belts, etc.
The productivity index study looked at:
the average efficiencies for types of machines, a specified set of (9) machines, and the calculated efficiency of the combination of machines.
A lot of labeling depends on...
the shape of the container
(Calculate Overall Equipment Effectiveness) The calendar hours or calendar time are
the sum of operative mode activities and potential mode activities that make up a week (10,080 minutes) or month (average 43,800 minutes) or defined period in which the asset as a functioning production element exists in the plant.
Computer modeling
use simulations to to better understand a situation - used for trend analysis, not exactness
How does infrared photocell fill level work?
uses infrared light to detect the absence or presence at a fixed height to determine overfill or under fill
What are the causes of downtime?
Changeovers Supply interruptions Packaging components Product interruptions or changes Maintenance Cleaning Stoppages and line jams Power failures Operator absences
(What is a robot) At its most basic, a robot is a machine that ___ the world, ____ the sensor information with a computer and then ___ in response to that information
senses processes acts
active tags
- Have additional memory size - Have a battery that supplies power giving them longer read ranges - Trade off: greater size and cost, and limited life (10+ years)
What are the purposes of labeling?
- Identify company. - Sales messages. - Pictures and Decorations. - Consumer Information. - Tax Stamps on Controlled items.
readers
- Interrogators are a combination of an antenna and a transceiver in a single unit - Can be hand held or a fixed mount device
AS/RS reduces:
- Labor Time - Labor Costs - Operating Costs - Excess Inventory (space savings) - Lost or damaged goods - Inaccurate records - Searching, climbing, bending, frustration... - Cluttered aisles
palletizers
- Palletizers load cases, drums, pails, etc onto pallet in a predetermined pattern ♣ Manual package placement • Tough on back and bodies ♣ Robotic operations • Economical • Safety issues ♣ Automatic palletizer • Big and expensive
Palletizing PMMI Headings
- Palletizing and Depalletizing - Types of Pallets - Pallet configurations - Types of machines - Strappers and wrappers - High-level palletizers - low-level case palletizers -operation - pallet loading - bag palletizing -operation -pallet loading -bag shaping -positioning -pallet loading - pail and drum palletizing -operation -individual tier palletizers - stack palletizers - robot palletizers - HIGH-LEVEL BULK PALLETIZERS -palletizing round objects -pallet hoist -pattern forming and loading - empty cans -bottles -odd row reject - palletizing non-round objects -lowering the pallet - tier sheet placement -LOW LEVEL BULK PALLETIZERS - pattern forming and loading -operation of lift off low level palletizers - automatic loading - grippers - tier sheet removal - top frame removal -pallet removal - semi-automatic operation -CASE AND BAG DEPALLETIZERS - operation of high level depalletizers - cover board or tier sheet removal - unloading - pallet removal -controls -BULK DEPALLETIZING -operation of high-level depalletizers -sweep off unloading - lift off unloading -operation of low level sweep off bulk depalletizers -unloading
What are the most common inspections for fill level?
- Photocell - High Frequency Capacitive (HF) • Foam Compensation - for Beer! - Gamma - X-Ray - Vision
(Safeguarding robotics in pkg) What are the new safeguarding measures?
- Status indication becomes priority at operator level - Optical safeguarding technologies provide safe and quick access to robotic cells - Safety light curtains - Safety Laser Scanner - More hygienic robots means more wash-down-rated devices
coding
- labeling for secondary packaging and pallet loads
speech recognition
- allows people to pick and place products without having to also handle scanners - at desks, allows spoken words to be inputted to computer
why use RFID
- application may be better than current use technologies - can be completely automated -can eliminate human errors ??No line-of-sight needed? ??Multiple reads simultaneously - reads suquentially?
Why should you not store shrink sleeves in warehouses or trucks?
- both can be very hot and fluctuate in heat - also don't want light to affect the shrink sleeves
Pneumatic
- compressed air readily available, inexpensive, no contamination - noisy, movement to limits -lower forces than hydraulics
What are the three types of pick and place robots?
- delta - scara - articulated
selection of stable physical characteristic is key
- fingerprint - retinal scan - hand geometry - voice patterns - individual behaviors -voice patterns
voice operation
- headset/mike unit is a replacement for keyboard and mouse - allows hands free operations in plant or at desk - can be used in combination with other technologies
machine vision
- in production line, can determine variable info such as fill levels, or attribute information such as whether a component is there - typically a go/no go decision
Key machine approach
- increase probability of adequate supply to key machine - decrease probability of blockage of output to the key machine
robotic palletizers
- intermediate speed operations - medium investment -flexibility ( can do several products simultaneously)
Low Level Case Palletizers
- similar to high level units - product enters via conveyor at low level - layer of case lifted to necessary level to the top of the stack on the pallet
AS/RS increases:
- speed - efficiency - safety - control of inventory - customer service levels - accuracy - productivity - floor space
What was the labeling example with cigarettes?
- stop smoking labels, or labels with gross effects of smoking, - death cigarettes -> targeted to young men who thinks it is cool to smoke death cigarettes
What are the 4 types of lighting conditions?
- structured lighting - directional lighting - diffuse lighting - fiber-optic/LED ring lights
types of pallet materials
- wood - plastic -metal -paper
What are some other types of robots for packaging?
-Automatic Guided Vehicles (AGVs) -Palletizing, -Pick and Place, & -Automatic Storage and Retrieval Systems (AS/RS)
What are the 2 methods used in selecting the appropriate machine capacity
1. Increase capacity of each machine in the downstream direction. 2. Key Machine approach to line planning.
What company helped professor Clarke write the vision systems lecture?
Heuft
What are the two steps in determining the efficiency of a system of independent machines?
First, determine the efficiency of the set of machines Then, determine the line (system) efficiency
In theory, what are the best locations for accumulators?
Immediately upstream from key machine (Filler). Immediately downstream of key machine. Both upstream and downstream of key machine. Other locations by default. Note: Theories may or may not be the truth.
How is AS/RS used in packaging?
In factories, storage is everywhere. Inventory of products and packaging materials are placed all over the factory floor. An AS/RS would be beneficial because it can organize and place these materials into designated areas. With this system, inventory will be recorded accurately and will be able to sense when a supply needs to be refilled
What happens when you increase the capacity of each machine in the downstream position?
Jams stop the entire line. Line empties out after the jam is corrected.
On a x-ray fill level, No Power = ...
No X-Rays
(Calculate Overall Equipment Effectiveness) What does NVA stand for
No value added
In theory, what are the best sizes for accumulators?
One minute of line capacity. Line capacity x time to clear a jam. Maximum size that will fit in the available floor space. Two accumulators are always better than one.
Machine efficiency depends on:
Operator decisions (based on skill and knowledge). Machine maintenance. Container characteristics. Environmental issues, like weather. o Temperature, humidity, etc.
(Calculate Overall Equipment Effectiveness) ___ is usually considered within quality, but is the most difficult to segregate out.
Rework
What is a Robonaut?
Robonaut 2, a.k.a. R2, is described by co-creator General Motors as the most technologically advanced humanoid robot in the world.
If the x-ray detection system reliability is more than 99.5%, then ...
Run 1,000 Underfilled Containers 5 Will Pass Through Undetected
If the x-ray detection system reliability is more than 99.9%, then ...
Run 1,000 Underfilled Containers 1 Will Pass Through Undetected
What is the second step in x-ray detection of a foreign object?
Some X-Rays Absorbed by the Bone (Contaminant)
What is the third step in x-ray detection of a foreign object?
Some X-Rays Also Absorbed by Skin, Muscles, etc. (Container Itself and Product Inside the Container)
(Voortman robots) What does the second Sigpack TTM robot do?
The second robot opposite the first does the pick and placement of the wrapped cookies from the flights and into the cartons placed by the first robot.
What is the equation for throughput?
Theoretical Processing Speed (expected) x Efficiency of Machine
What is a pick and place actuator?
They are the drivers of the robot. It actually actuates the robot. It can be any motor like servo motor, stepper motor or pneumatic or hydraulic cylinders.
AS/RS adds ___, reduces ___
adds value, reduces expense
(What is a robot) Robot pets, often called '____', have been hugely popular
cyber pets
What is a delta robot?
operate from overhead with three or four long, thin arms that meet at the effector head -spider
Capacity of key machine is equal to or greater than the ....
planned line capacity.
(Calculate Overall Equipment Effectiveness) What is effectiveness?
relation between what theoretically could be produced at the end of a process and what actually came out or was produced at the end of the process.
