chapter 8
what are the cons content analysis
- limited examination - reliability/ validity
question 3. when are unobtrusive research methods useful? what is the major difficulty with such techniques: unobtrusive research methods are useful where:
- surveys can't be used because of resistance to revealing the truth - reveal hibitual, taken for granted and unconsciuos elements in social activities - useful for studying inarticulate groups, like children - provide additional, objective data to cross- check interviews and other data
powerpoint: unobtrusive measures
-ethics clearance with interacting with people is difficult using data others have collected
content analysis cons
-limited examination -reliability/ validity - meaning in human communication is complex -
what are the pros of content analysis
-lognitudianal - seldom has any impact on those being studied -cheap -safe -study things over time, and how they evolve -easy to repeat study
Coding system-
a system of changing raw or primary data to a set of standardized subgroups for either qualitative or quantitative analysis by applying classification techniques. Used especially in analyzing questionnaires and in content analysis of mass media
misogyny in rap
analysing lyrics in rap music (quantitative research) uses manifest coding and latent
Government documents-
reports, papers, pamphlets, and books published by government agencies such as statistics Canada, health Canada, and revenue Quebec; often gathered together in a separate section of a library and increasingly available, a least in part, over the internet.
question 1. a study for which content analysis is the appropriate reasearch method Discuss how you would use manifest and latent coding. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the two coding schemes.: content analysis
study of recorded human information that examines communications or message.
question 2: Describe a study for which the analysis of existing statistics is the appropriate research method. What source would you use? What problems might you encounter, and how would you resolve them? a study when analyzing existing statistic is the appropriate research method:
studying events in history - historians have gained a better understanding of the less powerful and prominent social groups by examining various documents of the past ex: the making of the english working class
Direct research methods-
techniques of data gathering that involve interaction with individuals or groups being studied, such as through surveys, experiments, and participant observation fieldwork
Manifest content-
the content analysis, the explicit terms or symbols used in a communication usually analyzed quantitatively, as distinguished from latent content.
Archives-
the location or collection of documents, audiovisual recordings, or materials, stored so that they are accessible to those interested in these materials as potential data for their research.
major difficulties for unobtrusive research methods
- difficulty interpreting physical evidance without more context - PE small part of social action or social phenomenon - often time-consuming - may be physically hazardos to Researcher - may involve serious ethical questions
Verstehen-
The German sociologist max weber's term for the method of recreating and interpreting the subjective meaning of culture.
Primary data-
data from original sources, such as eye witness accounts, tape recordings of field interviews, and original letters or other documents.
problems with studying events in history
ideologies are evolving and, opinions and biases may get in the way of one's research
Latent content-
in content analysis it refers to underlying or implicit meanings in a communication usually analyzed qualitatively, as distinct from manifest content.
solutions to problems
logical reasoning +replication
difference between manifest and latent coding
manifest- coding that is visible - surface content- anyone can see it latent- underlying meaning ex) bitch whats the underlying meaning
what is a study where content analysis is the appropriate research method
misogyny in rap
problem with existing statistics
operationalization sampling unit of analysis validity-may not measure what we need
aggregation
people who responded, everyone is pooled together only makes assumptions ex 2/3 doctors recommend colgate
what are the pros of teh content analysis
pro's- cheap - not as consuming safe- study things overtime, how easy to repeat
content of analysis studies?
recorded human communication
Quantitative content analysis-
research techniques that describe the content of communication in an objective and systematic way that emphasis the qualitative meanings of the communication and describes these meanings in a nonquantitative.
Qualitative content analysis-
research techniques that describe the content of communication in an objective and systematic way that emphasizes the qualitative meanings of the communication and describes these meanings in a nonquantitative way
Indirect or nonreactive methods-
research techniques that use the results of human activities, such as documents, artifacts, and physical signs or effects of action, as their data.
difference between secondary data vs use of existing statistics
secondary- you are doing the analysis on someone elses data existing- recording on what respondent said
Peer-reviewed research-
social science research, and contribution to knowledge; the review is usually undertaken by other specialists in the field and is set up to ensure that the reviewers do not know the identity of the researcher and vice versa
Secondary data analysis-
techniques for analysing, reorganizing, and reinterpreting data gathered by others
Content analysis-
the systematic coding of ideas, themes, images, etc., in mass media. The content is usually quantitatively analyzed, but content analysis may also refer to the quantitative coding or interpretation of documents and artifacts as encountered in historical research
Unobtrusive measurement-
the use of physical evidence, nonparticipant observations, and archival or documentary evidence without the knowledge of participants
sampling
what is your unit of analysis or observation
question 4: What kind of research questions are appropriate for investigation through historical methods in justice studies?
1. begin by asking what you want to find out 2. gather data and documents for previous facts 3. is it current or appropriate to te document era
4 steps of content analysis
1. decide what to observe 2. operationalize your variables (decide how to code them) 3. record observations 4. analyze data
content analysis steps involved
1. decide what to observe 2. operationalize your variables - decide how to code them) 3. record observations 4. analyse data
video themes (masculunity)
1. everyone wants to be hard 2. shut up +give me your bone marrow 3. sisters+bitches 4. bitches and N word 5. manhood in a bottle
what are the article themes of the rap scene
1. naming + shaming ( derogatory) 2. sexual objectification 3. distrust of women 4. legitimize violence against women 5. celebration of pimps + prostitutes
Available data-
information or data already gathered and used by other researchers or by governments and other institutions, which can be accessed, analyzed, and interpreted by researchers interested in different questions from those of the researches who created the data.