Chapter 8
Cultural Life Script
A persons life story: All the events that have occurred in a persons life
INferences
Based of Schema: Or you knkowledge about the enviroment, developed through experience Based off Script: Conception of sequence of actions that usualy occur diroing a aparticular experience
Cognitive Hypothesis
Encoding increased during periods of rapid change followed by stability Effect increased for those who emigrated to the US after young adulthood, indicates reminiscence bump is shifted
Barlett's War of Ghosts
Experiment where Bartlett had participants remember a story from a different culture -Participants then repeated reproduction Results: Over time the participants changed the otry to be more like their own culutre in addition to inaccuracies
MPI experiment
Female told original story to both groups Then 2 days later, one group still had female and other group had male Female female group could not distinguish source errors as well as female male group
How can emotions play a part in greater memory and worse memory?
Generally emotional events are more memorable. There is a physiological basis for this because when Cortisol is released it helps synapses function better. In terms of decreasing memory, there is a phenomena call the weapon focus which causes people to focus intensely on one object, which consequently produces poor memory of everything else.
Creating False Memories for Early Events in Peoples Lives
Interviewer first presented interviewee with a false story. At first interviewee didnt believe it Then later, the interviewee actually incorporated the false info into his story. Mind boggling
Self-Image Hypothesis
Memory is enhanced for events that occur as a person self-image and identity is formed Because I was an adolescent, and I was forming my own self image, I will be able to remember more of the info a an adolescent due to the Self-Image Hypothesis
Pragmatic Inferences:
Memory often include info that is implied by or consistent with the to-be-remembered info but was not explicitly stated
Why is this name familiar? It must be a famous name experiemnt
Misattributing source after 24 hrs of experiemnt
Problems with Eyewitness
Misidentification due to familirity Errors due to suggestion
How can the Elite take control of people
Narrative Rehearsal Hypothesis
Power of suggestion example
One group asked how fast car was going when smashed vs. when hit Suggesting smashed or hit changed responses of speed and broken glass
Flashbulb Memories
Persons memory for a shocking, highly charged event
Misinformation Effect
Presenting misleading information post-event can lead to a false account of what happened
Reminiscence Bump
Remembering info more from adolescence and young adulthood explained by: Self-Image: Period of assuming persons self image Cognitive: Encoding is better during periods of rapid change Cultural Lifescript: Culturally shared expectations structure recall
Narrative Rehearsal Hypothesis
Repeated viewing of an event Memory = What actually happens + Person's knowledge, experiences, and expectations
MPI causes
Retroactive interference as well as Source Error
Cryptomnesia:
The belief that a thought is novel when in fact it is just a memory
Cryptoamnesia
Unconscious plagiarism of the work of others
Proof Flash Bulb Memories are not consistent over time
When testing the recall over time it changes change between initial description:baseline; and later reports Results suggest that these memories can be inaccurate or lacking details innacurate lacking in detail even though participants think they are certain or very confident "confidence not consistency, characterizes flashbulb memories."
Stanny and Johnsons weapon focus experiment showed that
When the gun was fired it lead to a a decrease in a memory about the perpetrator, victim, and the weapon. Vs. when the gun was not fired, people didnt have weapon focus, so focused better on other things
Repeated Reproduction
When the same subjects tried to remember the story at longer and longer intervals after they have first read it, similar to repeated recall
Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding post-event information and the misinformation effect? a. The provision of accurate post-event information provided a paradoxical (and as of yet unexplained) increase in the misinformation effect b. Misinformation effects are significantly reduced when post-event information is provided, but only if that information is given within just a few minutes of the initial event. c. The misinformation effect does not occur when people are told explicitly that the post-event information may be incorrect d Even when participants are told that the post-event information is incorrect, the misinformation effect can still occur.
d
What kinds of events from their lives are people most likely to remember Is there something special about memory for extraordinary events like the 9/11 terrorist aCacks? What proper0es of the memory system make it both highly func0onal and also prone to error? Why is eyewitness tes0mony oEen cited as the cause of wrongful convic0ons?
significant events (graduating HS) highly emotional events (wedding) transition points (