Chapter 8

Cultural Life Script

A persons life story: All the events that have occurred in a persons life

INferences

Based of Schema: Or you knkowledge about the enviroment, developed through experience Based off Script: Conception of sequence of actions that usualy occur diroing a aparticular experience

Cognitive Hypothesis

Encoding increased during periods of rapid change followed by stability Effect increased for those who emigrated to the US after young adulthood, indicates reminiscence bump is shifted

Barlett's War of Ghosts

Experiment where Bartlett had participants remember a story from a different culture -Participants then repeated reproduction Results: Over time the participants changed the otry to be more like their own culutre in addition to inaccuracies

MPI experiment

Female told original story to both groups Then 2 days later, one group still had female and other group had male Female female group could not distinguish source errors as well as female male group

How can emotions play a part in greater memory and worse memory?

Generally emotional events are more memorable. There is a physiological basis for this because when Cortisol is released it helps synapses function better. In terms of decreasing memory, there is a phenomena call the weapon focus which causes people to focus intensely on one object, which consequently produces poor memory of everything else.

Creating False Memories for Early Events in Peoples Lives

Interviewer first presented interviewee with a false story. At first interviewee didnt believe it Then later, the interviewee actually incorporated the false info into his story. Mind boggling

Self-Image Hypothesis

Memory is enhanced for events that occur as a person self-image and identity is formed Because I was an adolescent, and I was forming my own self image, I will be able to remember more of the info a an adolescent due to the Self-Image Hypothesis

Pragmatic Inferences:

Memory often include info that is implied by or consistent with the to-be-remembered info but was not explicitly stated

Why is this name familiar? It must be a famous name experiemnt

Misattributing source after 24 hrs of experiemnt

Problems with Eyewitness

Misidentification due to familirity Errors due to suggestion

How can the Elite take control of people

Narrative Rehearsal Hypothesis

Power of suggestion example

One group asked how fast car was going when smashed vs. when hit Suggesting smashed or hit changed responses of speed and broken glass

Flashbulb Memories

Persons memory for a shocking, highly charged event

Misinformation Effect

Presenting misleading information post-event can lead to a false account of what happened

Reminiscence Bump

Remembering info more from adolescence and young adulthood explained by: Self-Image: Period of assuming persons self image Cognitive: Encoding is better during periods of rapid change Cultural Lifescript: Culturally shared expectations structure recall

Narrative Rehearsal Hypothesis

Repeated viewing of an event Memory = What actually happens + Person's knowledge, experiences, and expectations

MPI causes

Retroactive interference as well as Source Error

Cryptomnesia:

The belief that a thought is novel when in fact it is just a memory

Cryptoamnesia

Unconscious plagiarism of the work of others

Proof Flash Bulb Memories are not consistent over time

When testing the recall over time it changes change between initial description:baseline; and later reports Results suggest that these memories can be inaccurate or lacking details innacurate lacking in detail even though participants think they are certain or very confident "confidence not consistency, characterizes flashbulb memories."

Stanny and Johnsons weapon focus experiment showed that

When the gun was fired it lead to a a decrease in a memory about the perpetrator, victim, and the weapon. Vs. when the gun was not fired, people didnt have weapon focus, so focused better on other things

Repeated Reproduction

When the same subjects tried to remember the story at longer and longer intervals after they have first read it, similar to repeated recall

Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding post-event information and the misinformation effect? a. The provision of accurate post-event information provided a paradoxical (and as of yet unexplained) increase in the misinformation effect b. Misinformation effects are significantly reduced when post-event information is provided, but only if that information is given within just a few minutes of the initial event. c. The misinformation effect does not occur when people are told explicitly that the post-event information may be incorrect d Even when participants are told that the post-event information is incorrect, the misinformation effect can still occur.

d

What kinds of events from their lives are people most likely to remember Is there something special about memory for extraordinary events like the 9/11 terrorist aCacks? What proper0es of the memory system make it both highly func0onal and also prone to error? Why is eyewitness tes0mony oEen cited as the cause of wrongful convic0ons?

significant events (graduating HS) highly emotional events (wedding) transition points (