Test 2 anatomy ch.18

Distinguish between a complete protein and an incomplete protein

A complete protein has adequate amounts of the essential amino acids to maintain human body tissues and promote normal growth and development, whereas incomplete proteins lack one or more essential amino acids. Complete proteins contain an adequate amount of the essential amino acid to maintain good health found in meat milk beans rice and eggs incomplete proteins do not contain an adequate amount of essential amino acids found in most plant proteins except beans and rice

What factors influence individual needs for nutrients

Age sex growth rate level of physical activity and stress and genetic and environmental factors

List the major sources of lipids

Animal origin such as meat eggs milk and lard as well as palm and coconut oils

Which foods are good sources of potassium

Avocados, dried apricots, meats, peanut butter, potatoes, bananas

What is the general function of each member of the vitamin B complex

B1: part of a coenzyme required for oxidation of carbohydrates; coenzyme required for ribose synthesis B2: part of enzymes and coenzymes needed for oxidation of glucose and fatty acids B3: required for oxudation of glucose and synthesis of proteins, fats, and nucleic acids B5: part of coenzyme A required for oxidation of carbohydrates and fats B6: required for synthesis of proteins and various amino acids, for conversion of tryptophan to niacin, for production of antibodies, and for nucleic acid synthesis B7: coenzyme required for metabolism of certain amino acids and fatty acids and for nucleic acid synthesis B9: coenzyme required for metabolism of certain amino acids and for DNA synthesis; promotes production of normal red blood cells B12: part of coenzyme required for synthesis of nucleic acids and for metabolism of carbohydrates; plays role in myelin synthesis; required for normal red blood cell production

Which chemical in the body is the precursor to vitamin A

Beta carotene

What is energy balance

Caloric intake from food equals caloric output from BMR in muscular activities

List the major sources of carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are organic compounds that include the sugars and starches the energy held in the chemical bonds is used to power cellular processes. Carbohydrates are ingested in a variety of forms. Complex carbohy- drates include the polysaccharides ("many sugars"), such as starch from plant foods and glycogen from meats. Most foods containing starch and glycogen have many other nutrients, including valuable vitamins and minerals. The simple carbohydrates include disaccha- rides ("double sugars ") from milk sugar, cane sugar , beet sugar, and molasses and monosaccharides ("single sugars" ) from honey and fruits. Digestion ultimately breaks down carbohydrates to monosac- charides, which are small enough to be absorbed into the bloodstream. Sugar substitutes provide concentrated sweetness, so fewer calories are needed to sweeten a food compared to table sugar (sucrose). Stevia is extracted from leaves of an herb, and is 30 times as sweet as table sugar. Aspartame, a dipeptide, is 200 times as sweet; the artificial sweetener saccharin is 300 times as sweet; and sucralose is 600 times as sweet as sucrose. Sucralose is derived from sucrose, and includes chloride. Cellulose is a complex carbohydrate abundant in our food-it provides the crunch to celery and the crispness to lettuce. We cannot digest cellulose, and most of it passes through the alimentary canal largely unchanged. However, cellulose provides bulk (also called fiber or roughage) against which the muscular wall of the digestive system can push, facilitating the movement of intestinal contents. Hemicellu- lose, pectin, and lignin are other plant carbohydrates that provide fiber. Plant foods meets milk sugar cane sugar beet sugar molasses honey and fruit

Distinguish macronutrients and micronutrients

Carbohydrates lipids and proteins are called macro nutrients because they are required in large amounts they provide energy as well as other specific functions. Vitamins and minerals are required in much smaller amounts and are therefore called micro nutrients they do not directly provide energy but make possible the bio chemical reactions that extract energy from macro nutrient molecules

Distinguish between a vitamin and a mineral

Carbohydrates lipids proteins vitamins are organic compounds and contrast dietary minerals are in organic elements essential to human metabolism most plants extract minerals from soil and humans obtain them from plant food or from animals that have eaten plants minerals contribute about 4% of body weight and are most concentrated in the bones and teeth minerals compose parts of the structural materials of all body cells vitamins are organic compounds that are required in small amounts for normal metabolism the body cells cannot synthesize in adequate amounts of vitamins are essential nutrients that must come directly from foods or indirectly from pro vitamins which are precursor substances vitamins are classified on the basis of whether they are soluble in fats or in water

How do anorexia and bulimia differ?

anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by self-starvation; bulimia is an eating disorder characterized by binge and purge cycles

Which are the most abundant minerals in the body

calcium and phosphorus Make up 75% of the weight of the minerals in the body

List the macronutrients

carbohydrates, proteins, and fats

Which foods are good sources of vitamin C

citrus fruits, tomatoes, green leafy vegetables

How is copper used

essential for hemoglobin synthesis, bone development, melanin production, and myelin formation

distinguish between essential and nonessential amino acids

Essential amino acids are those that must be obtained in the diet as the body either cannot manufacture them in sufficient quantities or are unable to produce them at all. A nonessential amino acid is one that the body can produce in sufficient quantities.

What is the function of iodine

Essential component of synthesis of thyroid hormones

Explain what happens to excess glucose in the body

Excess glucose is polymerized to form glycogen, which is stored in the liver and muscles as a reserve. The body can only store so much, so once this limit is hit the remaining glucose forms fat and is stored in adipose tissue.

Explain how energy values of food are determined

Food is burned in the energy release is measured

Explain the factors that affect an individuals energy requirement

Gender aging body weight are the main determinants of the total energy requirement energy requirement are presented separately for each gender in various age groups and are expressed both as energy units per day and energy per kilogram of body weight they need energy for individuals is dependent in affected by various factors and conditions

Identify examples of positive and negative nitrogen balance

(happens in growing children, pregnant women, athletes in intense training)

What factors influence the BMR

Gender, body size, body temperature, endocrine gland activity thyroid enzymes hormone activity

What is the function of potassium

Helps maintain intracellular osmotic pressure and regulate pH required for impulse conduction in neurons

How can inadequate nutrition cause edema?

Leads to tissue wasting in a decline in plasma proteins which result in a decrease plasma osmotic pressure causing edema

Name two sources of Vitamin K

Leafy green vegetables egg yolk pork liver soil tomatoes and cauliflower

Which foods are good sources of vitamin B complex

Lean meats liver eggs whole-grain cereals leafy green vegetables legumes dairy products peanut butter fruits avocados and mushrooms

Which foods commonly supply lipids

Lipids are typically found in foods of animal origin such as lard dairy meets eggs it can also be found in Palm in coconut oil

What are the functions of sodium

Maintains osmotic pressure of extracellular fluids regulates water movement plays a role in impulse conduction neurons regulates pH and transports of substances across cell membranes

List the major minerals and trace elements and summarize the general functions of each

Major minerals - consume more than 100mg daily, at least 5g in body Trace - consume less than 20mg daily, less than 5g in body

List the major sources of proteins

Meats fish poultry cheese nuts milk eggs and legumes beans peas

Which foods are rich sources of proteins

Meats, seafood, poultry, cheese, nuts, milk, eggs, and cereals

Which foods are good sources of vitamin D

Milk fortified with vitamin D, egg yolk, and fish liver oils

Which foods are good sources of calcium and phosphorus

Milk milk products leafy green vegetables meats nuts whole-grain cereals and legumes

How is potassium distributed in the body

Most potassium is inside the cells, with a much lower concentration in the blood and other extracellular body fluids widely distributed tends to be concentrated inside cells

Name two uses of carbohydrates other thank supplying energy

1. Carbohydrates can be used as the starting materials for synthesizing biochemicals, such as ribose and deoxyribose. 2. Lactose (milk sugar) is synthesized when the breasts are actively secreting milk.

Define essential nutrients

Nutrients that human cells cannot synthesize such as certain amino acids are called essential nutrients

Distinguish between being overweight and being obese

Overweight is exceeding desirable body weight by 10-20% (BMI 25-30). Obesity is more than 20% above the desired weight (BMI over 30).

How is manganese used

Part of enzymes required for fatty acids and cholesterol synthesis urea information in normal functioning of the nervous system

Why do daily requirements for carbohydrates vary from person to person

Physically active individuals needs more carbohydrates than sedentary individuals because they have a higher metabolism, therefore requiring more energy.

List major sources of carbohydrates

Polysaccharides many sugars disaccharides double sugars monosaccharide single sugars Hemicellulose pectin lignin Our other plant carbohydrates that provide fiber

Contrast the physiological impact of positive and negative energy balance

Positive Energy Balance- weight gain, energy (calories) in greater than energy out Negative Energy Balance- weight loss, energy (calories) in less than energy out

What is primary malnutrition? Secondary malnutrition?

Primary malnutrition is due to a lack of essential nutrients in the diet. Secondary malnutrition occurs when an individual's characteristics make a normally adequate diet insufficient.

What are the functions of Vitamin D

Promotes absorption of calcium and phosphorus promotes development of teeth and bones

Explain why a protein deficiency may accompany edema

Protein deficiency causes tissue wasting and also deceases the level of plasma proteins, which decreases the colloid osmotic pressure of the plasma. As a result, fluids collect in the tissues,producing nutritional edema.

Describe an adequate diet

Provide sufficient energy essential fatty acids essential amino acids vitamins and minerals to support optimal growth intimate and repair body tissues

What is an adequate diet

Provides sufficient calories, essential fatty acids, essential amino acids, vitamins and minerals to support optimal growth and to maintain repair of body tissues.

What is the function of vitamin K

Required for synthesis of prothrombin which functions and blood clotting

What are the functions of magnesium

Required in the metabolic reactions in the mitochondria that produce ATP plays a role in the breakdown of ATP and ADP

Describe how cells use proteins

Structural and functional they build cells and help cells do their jobs they also can be used for energy

What are the functions of calcium

Structure of bones and teeth essential for neurotransmitter release muscle fiber contraction the cardiac action potential and blood calculation activate certain enzymes

Explain how fats may provide energy

Supply energy to chemical process and and to help build cellular membranes

Explain what happens to excess glucose in the body

The body can only store a certain amount of glycogen so when there is excess amount the glucose reacts to form fat and is stored in adipose tissue

Describe how cells use lipids

The lipids in foods are phospholipids cholesterol and most commonly fats triglycerides lipids provide a variety of psychological functions however fats mainly supply energy gram for gram fats contain more than twice as much chemical energy as carbohydrates or proteins storing energy They are using production of cell membranes and hormones lipids may be broken down to your large amount of energy lipids also won the structural component of cell membranes in form various messengers in signaling molecules in the body

Describe the livers role in fat metabolism

The liver can convert fatty acids form one from to another. The Liver regulates circulating lipids- synthesizing triglycerides, phospholipids, and lipoproteins. Liver controls total amount of cholesterol in body by synthesizing cholesterol and releasing it into the blood or removing it from blood and excreting it into the bile. Cholesterol is used to make bile salts. Cholesterol provides structural materials for cell and organelle membranes, it furnishes starting materials for synthesis of certain sex hormones and adrenal cortex hormones.

What is the role of the liver in the use of lipids

The liver can convert fatty acids from one form to another, uses free fatty acids to synthesize triglycerides, regulates circulating lipids, and controls the total amount of cholesterol in the body. Deliver can convert fatty acids from one form to another it controls cholesterol levels

Define basal metabolic rate

The metabolic rate while performing no physical activity body is performing maintenance

Where is the vitamin E stored

The muscles in adipose tissue

Explain why a temporary dorm in blood glucose concentration may impair nervouse system functioning

The neurons depend upon a continuous supply of glucose for survival any decrease in the normal amount required will have an effect on the persons neurological state

Define beta oxidation

The splitting of fatty acids into two-carbon acetyl-coenzyme A. Fatty acid cannibalism producing acetyl groups

How are vitamins classified

fat soluble and water soluble

Explain what desirable weight means

The weight that is helpful for a person the weight that is healthy for a person

Why are some amino acids called essential

They are not synthesized by the body and must be consumed in the diet

How do bile salts affect the absorption of fat soluble vitamins

They promote fat soluble vitamin absorption

Identify dietary sources of lipids

Triglycerides are found both in plant and animal based foods. a. Saturated fats mainly found in foods of animal origin, such as meat, eggs, milk, and lard, as well as in palm and coconut oil. b. Unsaturated fats contained in seeds, nuts, and plant oil. Foods of plant origin do not contain cholesterol.

Identify dietary sources of proteins

Vegetables fruits starches

Identify dietary sources of carbohydrates

Vegetables, fruits, starches

How do minerals differ from other nutrients

inorganic elements essential in human metabolism

Describe how hormones control appetite

insulin: secreted by the pancreas after eating; stimulates adipocytes to take up glucose and store fat, and other cells to take up glucose and store glycogen leptin: secreted by adipocytes while eating; acts on hypothalamus to suppress appetite, by inhibiting release of neuropeptide Y neuropeptide Y: secreted by hypothalamus in response to the hormone grehlin; stimulates appetite grehlin: hormone secreted by the stomach; enhances appetite by causing secretion of neuropeptide Y

Which fatty acids are essential nutrients

linoleic acid and linolenic acid

How do marasmus and kwashiorkor differ?

marasmus is starvation due to a lack of calories and protein; kwashiorkor is starvation due to a lack of protein

What are the major functions of minerals

muscle contraction, nerve impulse conduction, blood coagulation, pH regulation, and compose parts of the structural materials of all cells

What is a negative nitrogen balance ? A positive nitrogen balance ?

negative nitrogen balance is when excretion exceeds dietary intake and it caused by starvation; positive nitrogen balance is when protein usage is greater than energy usage or excretion (happens in growing children, pregnant women, athletes in intense training)

Which foods are good sources of manganese

nuts, legumes, whole-grain cereals, leafy green veggies, fruits

Which foods are good sources of vitamin E

oils-cereal seeds, salad oils, margarine, shortenings, fruits, nuts, and veggies

Distinguish between primary and secondary malnutrition

primary malnutrition is malnutrition from diet alone; secondary malnutrition is when an individual eats an adequate diet but individual characteristics make the diet insufficient

Why might zinc deficiencies be common?

Zinc deficiencies might be common because only some of the zinc consumed may be absorbed.In developing nations were they do not eat an adequate diet

What are the functions of phosphorus

structure of bones and teeth, component of nearly all metabolic reactions. in cell membrane, ATP, phosphates of body fluids, nucleic acids, proteins, enzymes, vitamins

Define calorie

unit of energy

List some factors that affect an individual's need for carbohydrates

Carbs provide the primary source of fuel for cellular processes the need for carbs varies with individual energy requirements physical active individuals require more carbs in those who are sedentary The minimum requirement for carbs in the human diet is unknown begetting at least 125 to 170 g daily is property necessary to avoid protein breakdown and avoid metabolic disorders resulting from excess of fat use an average day includes 200 and 300 g of carbs daily

List the factors that may lead to inadequate nutrition later in life

Causes of malnutrition however most adult metrician is associated with disease and may arise due to reduce dietary intake reduce absorption of macro and micro nutrients

Describe how cells use carbohydrates

Cells use carbohydrates for sources of energy and energy storage

Summarize the importance of cellulose in the diet

Cellulose is a complex carbohydrate abundant in out food. We cannot digest cellulose, and most of it passes through the alimentary canal largely unchanged. However, cellulose provides bulk (aka fiber/ roughage) against which the muscular wall of the digestive system can push, facilitating the movement of intestinal contents.

Where are chloride ions most highly concentrated in the body

Cerebrospinal fluid and gastric juice

Review the major funtions of cholesterol

Cholesterol is used to produce bile salts it also provides structural material for sale in organelle membranes it furnishing starting materials for adrenal cortex hormone production and synthesis of certain sex hormones

Which foods are good sources of vitamin A

Cod liver oil eggs and orange and yellow vegetables and fruits carrots

Distinguish between complete and incomplete proteins

Complete proteins contain adequate amounts of the essential amino acids to maintain human body tissues and promote normal growth and development. Incomplete proteins are unable, by themselves, to maintain human tissues or to support normal growth and development.

Define deamination and explain its importances

Deamination is a process that occurs in the liver that removes the nitrogen-containing portions (-NH2 groups) from the amino acids. These -NH2 groups subsequently react to form a waste called urea. The liver therefore produces urea from amino groups formed by deamination of amino acids. The blood carries urea to the kidneys, where it is excreted in urine.

List factors that affect nutrient acquisition as people age

Decrease taste loss of appetite financial issues like a mobility in menopause

What happens to the body during starvation

During starvation the body begins to use fat as the predominant energy source leading to increased ketone production with a resulting euphoria The body will begin to digest itself causing low blood pressure is low post chills dry skin hair loss in poor immunity

What are vitamins

organic compounds Other carbohydrates lipids and proteins that are required in small amounts for normal metabolic process

What is the primary function of iron

part of hemoglobin molecule; assists in vitamin A synthesis; incorporated into a number of enzymes

What are the functions of vitamin C

required for collagen production, conversion of folacin to folinic acid, and metabolism of certain amino acids; promotes absorption of iron and synthesis of hormones from cholesterol

What are the functions of cholesterol

serves as a waterproofing for the skin, a lipid component of plasma membranes, a main constituent of bile, and a precursor of several steroid hormones

In which compounds and tissues of the body is sulfur found

skin, hair, nails

What is the basal metabolic rate

the rate at which the body uses energy while at rest to keep vital functions going, such as breathing and keeping warm. The body expands energy under basal conditions energy needed to support the activities of the organs

Which biochemicals comprise the vitamin B complex

thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, vitamin B6, cyanocobalamin, folic acid, biotin

List the fat soluble and water soluble vitamins and summarize the general functions of each vitamin

vitamin A- Fat soluble vitamin B1 (thiamine) vitamin B2 (riboflavin) vitamin B3 (niacin) vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid) vitamin B6 vitamin B7 (biotin) vitamin B9 (folacin) vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) All B vitamins are water-soluble ? vitamin C (ascorbic acid) - Water soluble vitamin D - Fat soluble vitamin E - Fat soluble vitamin K - Fat soluble Fat soluble vitamin: dissolve in fats Water soluble: dissolve in water